Contents
Preface
Chapter 1 Drilling systems 1
1.1 Hoisting system 1
1.1.1 Draw-works and wire rope 1
1.1.2 Crown block and traveling block 2
1.2 Rotary system 3
1.2.1 Kelly and kelly bushing 3
1.2.2 Swivel 4
1.2.3 Drill pipe and drill collar 5
1.2.4 Drill bits 6
1.2.5 Other accessories on drill string 8
1.3 Mud circulation system 10
1.4 Solid control equipment 12
1.4.1 Shale shaker 12
1.4.2 Desander and desilter 13
1.5 Well control equipment 15
1.6 Efficiency of hoisting system 18
1.7 Top drive system 21
Chapter 2 Drilling mud 23
2.1 Types of drilling fluid 23
2.1.1 Water-based mud (WBM) 23
2.1.2 Oil-based mud (OBM) 24
2.1.3 Synthetic-based mud (SBM) 24
2.2 Mud density calculations 24
2.3 Basics of Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluid 26
2.4 Laminar flow of Bingham plastic fluid in pipe 28
2.5 Laminar flow of Bingham plastic fluid in annulus 32
2.6 Turbulent flow of mud in annulus 36
2.7 Flow through nozzles 36
2.8 Mud measurements 37
2.8.1 Mud density 37
2.8.2 Mud viscosity 37
2.8.3 Mud filtrate loss 39
2.8.4 Other measurements 40
Chapter 3 Casing design 42
3.1 Overburden stress 42
3.2 Pore pressure 42
3.3 Fracture pressure 43
3.4 Introduction to casing 45
3.5 Casing setting depth 48
3.6 Casing size selection 50
3.7 Casing grades selection 55
Chapter 4 Directional drilling 63
4.1 Reasons for drilling directional wells 63
4.2 Geometry of directional well 63
4.3 Deflection tools 65
4.4 Trajectory design 67
Chapter 5 Mud hydraulics 71
5.1 Flow rate capacity requirement 72
5.2 Pressure requirement 74
5.3 Mud hydraulics optimization 75
5.3.1 Maximum bit horsepower criterion 75
5.3.2 Maximum jet impact force criterion 77
5.3.3 Maximum nozzle velocity criterion 77
5.4 Discussions 78
Chapter 6 Underbalanced drilling 79
6.1 Benefits of underbalanced drilling 79
6.2 How to achieve underbalanced condition 80
6.3 Underbalanced drilling operations 81
6.4 Surface equipment for underbalanced drilling 82
Chapter 7 Cementing and perforation 84
7.1 Functions of cement 84
7.2 Selection of cement grades 85
7.3 Preparing the cement 86
7.4 Cementing the well 87
7.5 Well perforation 90
Chapter 8 Drilling problems and drilling costs 92
8.1 Stuck pipe 92
8.2 Shale sloughing 92
8.3 Lost circulation 93
8.4 Well kick 93
8.5 Drilling costs 95
8.5.1 Leases 95
8.5.2 Site preparation 95
8.5.3 Well drilling 95
8.5.4 Rig mobilization 95
8.5.5 Miscellaneous costs 96
Chapter 9 Properties of hydrocarbon and rock 98
9.1 Phase behavior 99
9.1.1 Oil reservoir 100
9.1.2 Gas reservoir 100
9.2 Properties of natural gas 101
9.2.1 Ideal gas law 101
9.2.2 Properties of real gas 102
9.2.3 Compressibility of gas 104
9.2.4 Gas formation volume factor 105
9.2.5 Gas viscosity 106
9.3 Properties of crude oil 106
9.3.1 Oil specific gravity 106
9.3.2 API gravity 107
9.3.3 Solution gas oil ratio 107
9.3.4 Oil formation volume factor 108
9.3.5 Oil viscosity 109
9.4 Basic rock properties 110
9.4.1 Porosity 110
9.4.2 Permeability 110
9.4.3 Electrical conductivity and resistivity 111
Main References 113
Appendix A 114
Appendix B 115
Appendix C 116
Appendix D 117