Contents
1 The Emergence of Windfield-Source-Basin Dynamics 1
1.1 Depositional System Advances 1
1.2 The Influence of Windfield on Depositional System 5
1.2.1 Influence of Windfield on Clastic Depositional System 5
1.2.2 Effect of the Wind on Carbonate Depositional System 12
1.3 Multiple Control of the Genesis and Distribution of Depositional Systems 20
1.4 Research Significance 22
1.4.1 Significance in Sedimentology 22
1.4.2 Significance in Paleoclimate 23
1.4.3 Significance in Hydrocarbon 23
References 25
2 Elements and Research Methods of Sedimentary Dynamics of Windfield-Source-Basin System 29
2.1 Windfield 29
2.1.1 The Generation of Wind and Three Kinds of Windfield 29
2.1.2 The Influence of the Wind 31
2.1.3 Wind Waves 33
2.1.4 Distribution of Beach Bar Sand Bodies Under the Influence of Wind Force 36
2.1.5 Research Methodology of Paleo-Windfield—The Recovery of Paleo-Wind Direction 41
2.1.6 Paleo-Windfield Research Method—Paleo-Wind Strength Recovery 42
2.2 Source 46
2.2.1 Formation of Sediment Source 46
2.2.2 Control of Source on Sedimentation 46
2.2.3 Source Analytical Method 47
2.3 Basin 54
2.3.1 Basic Characteristics of the Basin 55
2.3.2 The Influence of Paleogeomorphology on Sedimentation and Its Research Method 57
2.3.3 Influence of Paleo-water Depth on Sediment Deposition and Its Research Method 63
2.3.4 Influence of Tectonic Activity on Sedimentation 67
2.4 Windfield-Source-Basin Dynamics 69
2.4.1 Interactions Between the Elements of the Windfield-Source-Basin System 69
2.4.2 Classification of the Windfield-Source-Basin System 71
References 73
3 Modern Sedimentary System and Windfield-Source-Basin System Dynamics of Qinghai Lake 79
3.1 Geographical and Geological Background 79
3.1.1 Geographical Location 79
3.1.2 Climate of Qinghai Lake 81
3.1.3 Hydrology of Qinghai Lake 82
3.1.4 Stratigraphy of Qinghai Lake Basin 83
3.1.5 Structural Features and Evolution of Qinghai Lake Basin 85
3.2 Modern Sedimentary System of Qinghai Lake 86
3.2.1 The Riyue/Bison Mountain–Daotanghe River–Barrier Island Depositional System 87
3.2.2 Qinghai Nanshan–Alluvial Fan–Fan Delta/Coast Depositional System 96
3.3 The Distribution of Modern Depositional System and Windfield-Source-Basin Dynamic Model of Qinghai Lake 110
3.3.1 The Distribution Characteristics of Modern Depositional System 110
3.3.2 Main Controlling Factors of the Modern Depositional System of Qinghai Lake 111
3.3.3 Application of the Windfield-Source-Basin Model 116
References 119
4 Paleogene Sedimentary System and Sedimentary Dynamics of Windfield-Source-Basin System in the Dongying Sag 121
4.1 Geology of the Dongying Sag 121
4.1.1 Tectonic Setting 121
4.1.2 Stratigraphic Sequence 121
4.1.3 Characteristics of Tectonic Evolution 121
4.2 Sequence Stratigraphic Division of Upper Sha-4 Submember in the Dongying Sag 125
4.2.1 Identification of Sequence Boundaries (SBs) 125
4.2.2 Division of Sequence in the Typical Wells 131
4.2.3 Division of Sequence Stratigraphy 150
4.3 Sedimentary Facies of Upper Sha-4 Submember in the Dongying Sag 152
4.3.1 Fan-delta 152
4.3.2 Subaqueous Gravity Flow Deposits 154
4.3.3 Delta 156
4.3.4 Clastic Beach Bar 157
4.3.5 Carbonate Beach Bar 160
4.3.6 Storm Deposits 162
4.3.7 Fine Grain Deposits (Semi-Deep Lake-Deep Lake) 165
4.3.8 Framework of Sedimentary System 166
4.4 Dynamics of Windfield-Source-Basin System in Upper Sha-4 Submember 173
4.4.1 Reconstruction of Paleo-Water Depth 173
4.4.2 Reconstruction of Paleo-Geomorphology 177
4.4.3 Analysis of Paleo-Provenance 178
4.4.4 Reconstruction of Paleowind Force 182
4.4.5 Paleo-Windfield and Sedimentary Environment 192
4.4.6 Analysis of Factors Controlling Distribution of Beach Bar Sandbodies 196
4.4.7 Division of Windfield-Source-Basin System 199
4.5 Significance of Research on Windfield-Source-Basin System and Prospect of Its Application 202
4.5.1 Significance of Paleo-Climate 202
4.5.2 Significance for Petroleum Geology 202
References 204
5 Depositional Systems and Windfield-Source-Basin System Dynamics of the West Sag,Liaohe Depression,Bohai Bay Basin 207
5.1 Geologic Setting 207
5.1.1 Tectonic Divisions 207
5.1.2 Strata Characteristics 207
5.2 Sequence Stratigraphy Framework 207
5.2.1 Recognition of Sequence Boundaries 207
5.2.2 The Establishment of Sequence Stratigraphy Framework by Combination of Wells and Seismic Data 213
5.3 Sedimentary Systems and “Windfield-Source-Basin System” Depositional Dynamics 213
5.3.1 Sedimentary Facies 216
5.3.2 Depositional Model of Beach-Bar Deposits in the West Sag,Liaohe Depression 224
5.3.3 Windfield-Source-Basin System in the Upper Es4 West Sag,Liaohe Depression 227
5.4 Detailed Study of Beach-Bar Deposits 229
5.4.1 High-Resolution Stratigraphy Framework 229
5.4.2 Sedimentary Systems of Beach-Bar in the Shubei Area 229
5.5 Controlling Factors for the Distribution of Beach-Bar Deposits 231
5.5.1 Reconstruction of Paleo-Geomorphology 231
5.5.2 Reconstruction of Paleo-Water Depth 234
5.5.3 Reconstruction of Paleo-Source 235
5.5.4 Reconstruction of Paleo-Windfield 238
5.5.5 Controlling Effect of Windfield-Source-Basin System on Beach-Bar Deposition 240
References 243
6 The Sedimentary Characteristics of Paleogene Conglomerates and Their Sedimentary Dynamics in Source-to-Sink System in the Langgu Sag 245
6.1 Geologic Background 245
6.2 Sedimentary Characteristics of the Conglomerate Body 246
6.2.1 Rock Type 248
6.2.2 Texture Characteristics 248
6.2.3 Sedimentary Structures 248
6.2.4 Gravel Compositions 251
6.2.5 Interstitial Components 256
6.2.6 Mudstone Between Conglomerates 259
6.3 Palaeogeomorphology Restoration 259
6.3.1 Residual Topography of Highs 259
6.3.2 Morphology of the Basin Controlling Fault 259
6.3.3 Basin Paleomorphology 260
6.3.4 Paleomorphology Models 263
6.4 Paleo-Provenance Restoration 264
6.4.1 Residual Strata 264
6.4.2 Distribution of Gravel Components in Conglomerate 264
6.4.3 The Paleogeologic Evolution of the Daxing High 266
6.5 Source-Basin and Sedimentary Model 270
6.5.1 Fault-Trough Gravity Flow 270
6.5.2 Debris Flow Nearshore Subaqueous Fan 270
6.5.3 Mudslides Nearshore Subaqueous Fan 271
6.5.4 Distribution Characteristics of the Conglomerate 272
6.6 Reservoir and Oil-Gas 272
6.6.1 Controls of Gravels on Reservoir 272
6.6.2 Controls of Conglomerate Genetic Types on Hydrocarbons 276
References 278
7 A Source-to-Sink Study of the Paleogene Shulu Sag:Characteristics and Depositional Dynamics of Its Deposits 281
7.1 Geological Background 281
7.1.1 Overview 281
7.1.2 Regional Tectonic Features 281
7.1.3 Basin Evolution 283
7.1.4 Stratigraphy 285
7.1.5 Sequence Stratigraphy of the Lower Es3 Submember 285
7.2 Sedimentary Characteristics of the Lower Es3 Submember 285
7.2.1 Rock Classification Scheme 285
7.2.2 Gravel Composition 290
7.2.3 Well Log Identification 292
7.2.4 Lithology Distribution 295
7.3 The Impact of Tectonic Activity on Sedimentation 296
7.3.1 Types and Characteristics of Seismites 296
7.3.2 Seismites Sequence 309
7.3.3 Criterion of Seismites 310
7.4 Provenance and Depositional Processes of the Calcirudites 312
7.4.1 Depositional Environments and Facies Models of the Calcirudites 314
7.4.2 Distribution of the Calcirudites 319
7.4.3 Relationship Between Two Types of Calcirudites 323
References 325