語(yǔ)音學(xué)與音系學(xué)經(jīng)典叢書:音系學(xué)引論
定 價(jià):72 元
叢書名:語(yǔ)音學(xué)與音系學(xué)經(jīng)典叢書
- 作者:Francis,Katamba 著
- 出版時(shí)間:2018/4/1
- ISBN:9787544650458
- 出 版 社:上海外語(yǔ)教育出版社
- 中圖法分類:H311
- 頁(yè)碼:328
- 紙張:膠版紙
- 版次:1
- 開本:16開
This is an up-to-date introduction to phonological theory placed within the framework of current, mainstream generative phonology. The book is divided into two parts. The first introduces readers to basic concepts of articulatory phonetics,classical phonemics and standard generative phonology;the topics covered include distinctiveness, naturalness,abstractness and rule interaction.
The second part is devoted to current issues in phonological theory; both the nature and organisation of phonological representations in nonlinear generative phonology are explored. It discusses such areas as the role of the syllable in nonlinear generative phonology, metrical phonology and the study of stress, autosegmental approaches to tone, the place of intonation, lexical phonology and morphology, and the syntax-phonology interface viewed in terms of the domain of phonological rules.
With analytical exercises in each chapter and data taken from a wide range of languages, this book aims not so much to emphasise the history of phonological theory, but to develop the reader's understanding of contemporary phonological theory through a practical and accessible approach.
語(yǔ)音不僅是語(yǔ)言三個(gè)基本要素之一,而且還是第一基本要素。漢語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)音研究由來(lái)已久,但長(zhǎng)久以來(lái),在我國(guó)它卻一直作為一種以認(rèn)讀字音、作詩(shī)吟曲等為目的的輔助性學(xué)問。進(jìn)入20世紀(jì),西方語(yǔ)音學(xué)理論與方法傳人我國(guó)后,才真正改變了中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)語(yǔ)音研究的理念與方法。一百多年來(lái),經(jīng)過(guò)我國(guó)幾代學(xué)者們的不懈努力與奮斗,我們逐漸形成了現(xiàn)代漢語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)音學(xué)理論與方法,并發(fā)表了一系列具有重要?dú)v史影響的學(xué)術(shù)論文與論著。
但與此同時(shí),也不得不承認(rèn):我們的語(yǔ)音學(xué)研究與英美等西方國(guó)家相比還存在較大差距。特別是20世紀(jì)初以來(lái),西方語(yǔ)音學(xué)研究在諸多方面都發(fā)生了根本性變化,尤其體現(xiàn)在以下兩大方面:
首先是在學(xué)科領(lǐng)域的劃分上。因研究目的與方法的不同而形成了兩個(gè)不同的重要語(yǔ)音研究領(lǐng)域:語(yǔ)音學(xué)與音系學(xué)。20世紀(jì)初,音系學(xué)從語(yǔ)音學(xué)研究領(lǐng)域中脫離出來(lái),逐漸形成了一門獨(dú)立的學(xué)科。一百多年以來(lái),音系學(xué)先后經(jīng)歷了兩個(gè)大的發(fā)展階段:第一階段是介紹和發(fā)現(xiàn)音位概念、探索語(yǔ)音之間關(guān)系為主的結(jié)構(gòu)主義音系學(xué)(亦稱“音位學(xué)”);第二階段是以SPE為基礎(chǔ)理論框架的生成音系學(xué),特別是在后一階段中呈現(xiàn)出學(xué)派眾多、理論新穎、觀點(diǎn)各異、精彩紛呈的景象。
其次是在語(yǔ)音研究的工具與手段上。隨著計(jì)算機(jī)信息技術(shù)的突飛猛進(jìn),語(yǔ)音分析工具不斷推陳出新,這為語(yǔ)音學(xué)的迅猛發(fā)展提供了堅(jiān)實(shí)可靠的研究基礎(chǔ)。在眾多不同學(xué)科背景的學(xué)者通力協(xié)作下,語(yǔ)音合成、語(yǔ)音識(shí)別的自然度與技術(shù)水平有了極大的提高,各種實(shí)用語(yǔ)音軟件得到普及,并很快進(jìn)入到人們的日常生活之中,正在實(shí)現(xiàn)語(yǔ)言學(xué)家多年來(lái)一直追求的語(yǔ)言研究產(chǎn)業(yè)化的目標(biāo)與理想。
要跟上語(yǔ)音研究領(lǐng)域的強(qiáng)勁發(fā)展勢(shì)頭,我們就必須及時(shí)全面系統(tǒng)地了解西方語(yǔ)音學(xué)與音系學(xué)的研究現(xiàn)狀與發(fā)展趨勢(shì)。為此,外教社從西方已出版的眾多語(yǔ)音學(xué)與音系學(xué)著作中精心選取并推出了一批有代表性的經(jīng)典著作。應(yīng)該說(shuō),成規(guī)模地推出一批有代表性的當(dāng)代語(yǔ)音學(xué)與音系學(xué)著作專集,在國(guó)內(nèi)還是第一次,這無(wú)疑是一件非常有意義的事情,值得慶賀。近年來(lái),越來(lái)越多的人開始認(rèn)識(shí)到語(yǔ)言學(xué)學(xué)科的重要性,F(xiàn)在,開設(shè)語(yǔ)言學(xué)課程的高校不少,選擇語(yǔ)言學(xué)專業(yè)或方向的學(xué)生也很多,但我們知道,能開設(shè)并系統(tǒng)講授語(yǔ)音學(xué)尤其是音系學(xué)課程的學(xué)校卻不多。眾所周知,這方面的課程在英美國(guó)家語(yǔ)言學(xué)專業(yè)都是必修課程。試想,如果我們的高校連語(yǔ)音學(xué)和音系學(xué)入門課程都不能開設(shè),那么何以稱得上是語(yǔ)言學(xué)專業(yè)?當(dāng)然,造成這一局面的原因是多方面的,但缺少好的語(yǔ)音學(xué)和音系學(xué)方面的教材與著作,是其中的一個(gè)重要因素。外教社推出的“語(yǔ)音學(xué)與音系學(xué)經(jīng)典叢書”,既關(guān)注語(yǔ)音研究領(lǐng)域中的代表性重要成果,也考慮到國(guó)內(nèi)眾多語(yǔ)言學(xué)專業(yè)或方向的學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)語(yǔ)音學(xué)與音系學(xué)的實(shí)際狀況和迫切需要。希望這套叢書的出版在一定程度上能夠彌補(bǔ)國(guó)內(nèi)這方面的缺陷,滿足國(guó)內(nèi)學(xué)者和學(xué)生的實(shí)際需求。
此外,需要指出的是,語(yǔ)音學(xué)與音系學(xué)是兩個(gè)既相關(guān)又有所不同的學(xué)科領(lǐng)域。國(guó)內(nèi)漢語(yǔ)學(xué)界對(duì)此并不做區(qū)分,所用的“語(yǔ)音學(xué)”是它的廣義概念,既包括語(yǔ)音學(xué),也包括音系學(xué)。但西方語(yǔ)言學(xué)界對(duì)此是做區(qū)分的,他們通常所使用的是狹義的語(yǔ)音學(xué),即指對(duì)語(yǔ)音的一種跨學(xué)科研究,一般是不包括音系學(xué)(語(yǔ)音的語(yǔ)言學(xué)研究)的。近年來(lái),由于多學(xué)科的積極參與和努力,現(xiàn)代語(yǔ)音學(xué)研究已日趨科學(xué)化,其研究方法更像是一門理工科的學(xué)問。這對(duì)于文科背景的語(yǔ)言學(xué)專業(yè)學(xué)生來(lái)說(shuō),確實(shí)是一種挑戰(zhàn),但也并非想象的那么難。事實(shí)上,只要具備一定的(高中)理科知識(shí),學(xué)習(xí)起來(lái)也是不成問題的!耙粝祵W(xué)”這個(gè)概念比較新,它源自英語(yǔ)的phonology,20世紀(jì)80年代中期之后,這個(gè)譯名才逐漸被接受。音系學(xué)不同于語(yǔ)音學(xué),它是非物質(zhì)或非物理的,是人類語(yǔ)言所具有的能產(chǎn)性屬性賴以存在的基礎(chǔ),是有關(guān)儲(chǔ)存于人腦中的語(yǔ)音知識(shí)的學(xué)問。很顯然,音系學(xué)非常抽象,要想理解和掌握音系學(xué)的理論原則與分析方法,就需要具有比較嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)倪壿嬐评砗头治瞿芰。由于音系學(xué)研究的目的在于發(fā)現(xiàn)和揭示表層語(yǔ)音知識(shí)背后的不同語(yǔ)言普遍具有的潛在力量或規(guī)律,因而音系學(xué)教材不可避免地會(huì)涉及很多我們甚至從未聽說(shuō)過(guò)的語(yǔ)言的語(yǔ)料。這些語(yǔ)料看似復(fù)雜,其實(shí)不然,它們一定都遵循某種潛在的規(guī)律。這也正是音系學(xué)研究的意義所在。綜上所述,語(yǔ)音學(xué)更關(guān)注實(shí)際的語(yǔ)音體現(xiàn)形式,而音系學(xué)則更關(guān)注潛在的語(yǔ)音結(jié)構(gòu)與規(guī)律。這套叢書將兩者結(jié)合起來(lái),意在加強(qiáng)和促進(jìn)國(guó)內(nèi)在這兩個(gè)研究領(lǐng)域的通力協(xié)作,以推動(dòng)中國(guó)當(dāng)代語(yǔ)音學(xué)與音系學(xué)理論的發(fā)展以及兩者在漢語(yǔ)中的應(yīng)用。
希望這套叢書能成為廣大讀者的良師益友。
Preface
Acknowledgements
Chapter 1 Introduction to phonetics
1.1 Introduction
1.2 The production of speech
1.2.1 The production of consonants
1.3 The production of vowels
Chapter 2 The phoneme
2.1 Segments of sound
2.1.1 Distinctiveness: phonemes and allophones
2.2 Identifying phonemes
2.2.1 The minimal pair test
2.2.2 Contrast in analogous environments
2.2.3 Suspicious pairs
2.2.4 Recapitulation
2.3 Phonological symmetry
Chapter 3 Distinctive features
3.1 Why are features needed?
3.2 Jakobsonian features
3.3 The SPE system of distinctive features
3.3.z Major class features
3.3.2 Cavity features
3.3.3 Tongue body features
3.3.4 Tongue root features
3.3.5 Laryngeal features
3.3.6 Manner features
3.3.7 Prosodic features
3.4 Segment structure redundancy
Chapter 4 Phonological representations
4.1 Phonetics and phonology
4.2 The domain of phonology
4.3 Recapitulation: levels of representation
4.4 Phonetic and phonemic transcription
4.5 A guide to phonetic transcription
4.6 Why study phonology?
Chapter 5 Phonological processes
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Assimilation
5.2.i Direction of assimilation
5.3 Assimilation processes
5.3.1 Palatalisation
5.3.2 Labialisation
5.3.3 Voice assimilation
5.3.4 Place of articulation assimilation
5.3.5 Manner of articulation assimilation
5.3.6 Nasalisation
5.4 Dissimilation
5.5 Conclusion
Chapter 6 Naturalness and strength
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Natural segments, natural classes and natural
processes 98
6.2.1 Phonological strength hierarchies
6.3 Explanations of naturalness
6.3.1 Natural phonology
Chapter 7 Interaction between rules
7.1 Introduction to rule formalisation and ordering
7.2 Linear rule ordering
7.3 Abandoning extrinsic ordering
7.4 Conclusion: why ordering matters
Chapter 8 The abstractness of underlying
representations
8.i Abstractness
8.2 Concrete phonology?
8.3 Absolute neutralisation
8.4 Conclusion
Chapter 9 The syllable
9.1 The syllable
9.2 The representation of syllable structure
9.3 The CV-tier
9.3.1 A generative CV.phonology model of syllable structure
9.3.2 Syllabification
9.4 Functions of the syllable
9.4.1 The syllable as the basic phonotactic unit
9.4.2 The syllable as the domain of phonological rules
9.4.3 The syllable and the structure of complex segments
9.4.4 Compensatory lengthening
9.4.5 The syllable as indispensable building block for higher phonological domains
9.5 Syllable weight
9.6 Abstract segments
9.7 Extrasyllabicity
9.8 Summary
Chapter 10 Multi.tiered phonology
10.1 Introduction to tone languages
10.2 The nature of phonological
representations
10.3 The representation of tone
10.3.I Contour tones
10.3.2 Tone stability
10.3.3 Melody levels
10.4 The autosegmental model and the representation of tone
10.5 Tone and intonation
10.6 Pitch.a(chǎn)ccent
10.7 Vowel harmony
10.8 Nasalisation
10.9 Morphemic tier
Chapter 11 Stress and intonation
11.1 Introduction: stress
11.1.1 What is stress?
11.1.2 Metrical phonology
11.1.3 Metrical trees and grids
11.1.4 Extrametricality
11.1.5 Quantity sensitivity
11..6 English stress
11.2 Intonation
11.2.1 The form of English intonation
11.2.2 Accentuation function
11.2.3 Intonation and illocutionary force
11.2.4 The grammatical function of intonation
11.2.5 Attitudinal functions
11.2.6 Discourse function
Chapter 12 Phonology in the wider context
12.1 The role of the lexicon
12.2 Lexical phonology
12.2.1 Level 1 of lexical phonology
12.2.2 Level 2 of lexical phonology
12.2.3 The elsewhere condition
12.2.4 The order of affixes
12.2.5 Post.lexical rules
12.2.6 Summary
12.3 Prosodic domains
12.3.1 Prosodic domains and French liaison
12.4 Conclusion
Bibliography
Suggested answers to exercises
Language index
Subject index