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企業(yè)都喊融資難，不懂金融是難關(guān)！

《小微企業(yè)融資188問》是國(guó)家為破解融資難問題，專門為小微企業(yè)編寫的金融知識(shí)普及讀物。針對(duì)融資過程中經(jīng)常遇到的問題，按照企業(yè)發(fā)展不同階段種子期、初創(chuàng)期、成長(zhǎng)期金融知識(shí)，提出和回答問題。深入淺出，易學(xué)實(shí)用。

A 篇種子期企業(yè)金融知識(shí)

創(chuàng)業(yè)與融資.................................................................................................................... 2

創(chuàng)業(yè)方式與融資的有何關(guān)系？............................................................................3
常見創(chuàng)業(yè)方式有哪些？..........................................................................................4
怎樣選擇創(chuàng)業(yè)方式？............................................................................................7

創(chuàng)業(yè)項(xiàng)目與創(chuàng)業(yè)資本 ................................................................................................8

如何選擇創(chuàng)業(yè)項(xiàng)目？..............................................................................................8
創(chuàng)業(yè)項(xiàng)目評(píng)估方法？..............................................................................................10
怎樣確定創(chuàng)業(yè)資本？..............................................................................................11

注冊(cè)資本和實(shí)收資本.....................................................................................................13

注冊(cè)資本和實(shí)收資本有何異同？........................................................................13
怎樣確定公司注冊(cè)資本？......................................................................................13
如何合理安排實(shí)收資本？......................................................................................15
哪些企業(yè)仍實(shí)行注冊(cè)實(shí)繳制？ .........................................................................16

公司股權(quán)配置 ..................................................................................................................17

股權(quán)合理配置應(yīng)根據(jù)什么原則？......................................................................17
怎樣加強(qiáng)創(chuàng)始人控制權(quán)？.....................................................................................19
什么是股權(quán)分散設(shè)計(jì)？ ......................................................................................19
何謂股權(quán)虛擬設(shè)計(jì)？ ..........................................................................................20
股權(quán)分層設(shè)計(jì)的方法是什么？..........................................................................20
怎樣建立股權(quán)激勵(lì)機(jī)制？ ..................................................................................21

創(chuàng)業(yè)資本籌措 ..............................................................................................................22

創(chuàng)業(yè)資本籌措有哪些渠道？ ..............................................................................23
什么是股權(quán)眾籌？ ..............................................................................................24
怎樣選擇股權(quán)眾籌平臺(tái)？ ..................................................................................25
發(fā)起股權(quán)眾籌應(yīng)做哪些準(zhǔn)備工作？ ..................................................................26
股權(quán)眾籌操作流程是什么？ ..............................................................................28
眾籌平臺(tái)收費(fèi)項(xiàng)目有哪些？ ..............................................................................30

天使投資 ......................................................................................................................31

什么是天使投資？ ..............................................................................................31
天使投資人怎樣選擇創(chuàng)業(yè)項(xiàng)目？......................................................................32
天使投資人怎樣評(píng)價(jià)項(xiàng)目創(chuàng)始人？.................................................................33
天使投資人如何進(jìn)行投資決策？ ......................................................................34
創(chuàng)業(yè)者怎樣尋找天使投資人？ ..........................................................................35
天使投資與 VC、PE 有何異同？......................................................................37
尋求天使投資需要注意什么問題？ ..................................................................38
什么是 A 輪、B 輪、C 輪融資?.........................................................................40

寫好商業(yè)計(jì)劃書 .............................................................................................................41

什么是商業(yè)計(jì)劃書？.............................................................................................. 41
怎樣編寫商業(yè)計(jì)劃書？...........................................................................................42
商業(yè)計(jì)劃書的核心內(nèi)容是什么？ ......................................................................43
商業(yè)計(jì)劃書應(yīng)注意哪些細(xì)節(jié)問題？ ..................................................................44

融資路演 .........................................................................................................................45

什么是融資路演？...................................................................................................45
融資路演需做哪些準(zhǔn)備工作？ ..........................................................................45
提升融資路演效果應(yīng)掌握哪些關(guān)鍵環(huán)節(jié)？ ....................................................47

開戶銀行選擇.....................................................................................................................48

銀行開戶的政策規(guī)定是什么？ ..........................................................................49
銀行開戶程序和收費(fèi)項(xiàng)目有哪些？ ..................................................................49
單位結(jié)算卡有什么作用？......................................................................................50
什么是網(wǎng)絡(luò)銀行？...................................................................................................51
企業(yè)為什么應(yīng)慎選開戶銀行？ ..........................................................................52
商業(yè)銀行的企業(yè)金融服務(wù)有哪些？ .................................................................54
企業(yè)的銀行服務(wù)需求分幾類？ ..........................................................................55
小微企業(yè)怎樣正確選擇開戶銀行？ .................................................................56

征信與信用評(píng)級(jí) .............................................................................................................58

什么是征信？..........................................................................................................58
企業(yè)征信信息從哪里來？ ..................................................................................59
企業(yè)信用報(bào)告怎樣查詢使用？ .........................................................................60
什么是信用評(píng)級(jí)？... ..............................................................................................61
銀行客戶信用評(píng)級(jí)指什么？ ..............................................................................62
信用評(píng)級(jí)符號(hào)的含義是什么？ ..........................................................................63
何謂專業(yè)機(jī)構(gòu)信用評(píng)級(jí)？ ..................................................................................64

B 篇初創(chuàng)期企業(yè)金融知識(shí)

信貸市場(chǎng) .........................................................................................................................69

信貸市場(chǎng)與銀行體系是什么關(guān)系？...................................................................69
銀行貸款須遵守什么基本規(guī)則？ ......................................................................69
銀行貸款一般流程有什哪些？ ..........................................................................70
信貸合同核心條款是什么？ ..............................................................................71
什么是四單管理、三個(gè)不低于，七不準(zhǔn)、四公開？...................................73
流動(dòng)資金貸款分類..................................................................................................75
流動(dòng)資金貸款主要品種.........................................................................................76
流動(dòng)資金貸款一般條件.........................................................................................77
固定資產(chǎn)貸款條件和程序 .................................................................................78
固定資產(chǎn)貸款主要品種 ......................................................................................80
什么是個(gè)人金融經(jīng)營(yíng)貸........................................................................................81
信貸工廠服務(wù)創(chuàng)新.........................................................................................83
投貸聯(lián)動(dòng)試點(diǎn)...........................................................................................................84
什么是票據(jù)和票據(jù)市場(chǎng)？ .................................................................................85
票據(jù)交易有幾種方式？ ......................................................................................86
票據(jù)融資有哪些方法？ ......................................................................................87
什么是商業(yè)承兌匯票？ . ....................................................................................88
怎樣進(jìn)行商票貼現(xiàn)融資？ ...............................................................................89
貿(mào)易融資工具各指哪些類型和產(chǎn)品？ ............................................................90
出口信貸融資方式分幾類？ ............................................................................91
什么是混合信貸融資？ .....................................................................................92
什么是福費(fèi)廷融資？ ..........................................................................................93
什么是打包貸款？ ..............................................................................................94
什么是信用證開證授信？ ..............................................................................95
什么是信用證押匯融資？ ...............................................................................95
什么是備用信用證？ ..........................................................................................96
什么是國(guó)際保理融資？ ......................................................................................97
什么是國(guó)內(nèi)保理融資？ ......................................................................................98
怎樣進(jìn)行應(yīng)收賬款融資？ ...............................................................................99
何謂供應(yīng)鏈金融？ ..............................................................................................100

資本市場(chǎng) . ..................................................................................................................101

什么是資本市場(chǎng)？ ..............................................................................................101
多層次資本市場(chǎng)建設(shè)目標(biāo)是什么？ ..............................................................102
股票市場(chǎng)層次和功能是怎樣劃分的？ .........................................................104
股票上市可以開辟哪些直接融資渠道？......................................................105
什么是借殼上市？ ..............................................................................................106
什么是債券市場(chǎng)？ ..............................................................................................107
什么是中小企業(yè)集合債/集合票據(jù)？ ............................................................107
什么是中小企業(yè)私募債？ ..................................................................................108
什么是雙創(chuàng)債？ ..........................................................................................109
股權(quán)投資基金有幾種常見類型？ .................................................................111
什么是產(chǎn)業(yè)投資基金？ ......................................................................................111

非銀行金融市場(chǎng) ...........................................................................................................112

什么是非銀行金融市場(chǎng)？ ................................................................................112
信托投資主要產(chǎn)品有幾種？ ............................................................................113
什么是中小企業(yè)集合信托？ ............................................................................113
什么是融資租賃？ ..............................................................................................114
融資租賃的常見產(chǎn)品有哪些？ ........................................................................115
融資租賃的租金包括哪些項(xiàng)目？ ....................................................................116
什么是 EMC 融資？.........................................................................................118
EMC 項(xiàng)目運(yùn)作模式是怎樣的？......................................................................119

政策性金融.....................................................................................................................119

什么是政策性金融？..........................................................................................120
國(guó)家開發(fā)銀行支持中小企業(yè)發(fā)展有何舉措？.............................................120
農(nóng)發(fā)行服務(wù)三農(nóng)的信貸產(chǎn)品有哪些？ ................................................121
進(jìn)出口行支持外向型企業(yè)的信貸產(chǎn)品有幾類？........................................122
什么是中小企業(yè)發(fā)展基金？............................................................................123
國(guó)家新興產(chǎn)業(yè)創(chuàng)業(yè)投資引導(dǎo)基金的支持重點(diǎn)？........................................124
科技成果轉(zhuǎn)化引導(dǎo)基金的投資政策？...........................................................125

商業(yè)信用市場(chǎng).................................................................................................................125

什么是商業(yè)信用？..............................................................................................125
易貨貿(mào)易融資有幾種模式？............................................................................126
應(yīng)收賬款融資方式有哪些？............................................................................127
什么是商業(yè)保理融資？......................................................................................128
供應(yīng)鏈融資怎樣運(yùn)營(yíng)？......................................................................................129
何謂預(yù)收賬款融資？..........................................................................................130
怎樣利用電子貨幣融資？ ...............................................................................130

互聯(lián)網(wǎng)金融 .....................................................................................................................132

什么是互聯(lián)網(wǎng)金融？..........................................................................................132
P2P 網(wǎng)絡(luò)借貸的運(yùn)作和融資方式？ .............................................................132
直銷銀行目前提供哪些信貸產(chǎn)品？..............................................................134
網(wǎng)絡(luò)小貸怎樣開展業(yè)務(wù)？ ..............................................................................135
什么是互聯(lián)網(wǎng)金融門戶？ ...............................................................................136

民間資本市場(chǎng)融資........................................................................................................137

什么是民間借貸？..............................................................................................137
民間借貸融資需要注意什么問題？..............................................................138
怎樣利用典當(dāng)融資？..........................................................................................139
小額貸款公司主要提供哪些產(chǎn)品？..............................................................139
村鎮(zhèn)銀行的服務(wù)定位是什么？........................................................................140
農(nóng)村信用社的信貸產(chǎn)品有哪些？....................................................................141
什么是企業(yè)內(nèi)源融資？......................................................................................142
企業(yè)內(nèi)部集資的合理與合法界限是什么？.................................................143

企業(yè)融資渠道選擇 .......................................................................................................144

什么是企業(yè)金融版圖？....................................................................................144
怎樣繪制企業(yè)金融版圖？ ..............................................................................146
企業(yè)融資怎樣利用金融版圖？ ....................................................................148

企業(yè)資金鏈維持與保護(hù) .............................................................................................149

企業(yè)資金鏈斷裂的原因和防斷措施是什么？ .........................................149
怎樣利用差時(shí)預(yù)算建立資金鏈預(yù)警？.........................................................150
如何利用過橋資金維護(hù)資金鏈安全？.........................................................152

C 篇成長(zhǎng)期企業(yè)金融知識(shí)

股權(quán)融資方法 ...............................................................................................................155

股權(quán)融資有幾種方式？....................................................................................155
股權(quán)轉(zhuǎn)讓融資需要什么條 ..............................................................................156
股權(quán)融資對(duì)象分為幾類投資者？..................................................................156
如何選擇股權(quán)投資基金？................................................................................157
股權(quán)融資需要經(jīng)過哪些步驟？.......................................................................158
注冊(cè)資本的元與股是否同一概念？.....................................................159
增資擴(kuò)股指標(biāo)如何計(jì)算？ ..............................................................................160
怎樣確定引進(jìn)投資者的股權(quán)占比？..............................................................161
股權(quán)融資后怎樣調(diào)整股權(quán)和資本結(jié)構(gòu)？.....................................................162

股權(quán)投資協(xié)議 ................................................................................................................163

股權(quán)投資協(xié)議主要條款有哪些？...................................................................163
什么是對(duì)賭協(xié)議？...............................................................................................165
對(duì)賭協(xié)議跟誰賭？...............................................................................................167
對(duì)賭協(xié)議賭什么？...............................................................................................168
對(duì)賭籌碼是什么？...............................................................................................169
怎樣防范對(duì)賭風(fēng)險(xiǎn)？...........................................................................................170

公司估值定價(jià) ...............................................................................................................172

什么是公司估值定價(jià)？......................................................................................172
什么是早期企業(yè)估值？ ....................................................................................173
什么是博克斯估值法？ ....................................................................................174
什么是共識(shí)估值法？........................................................................................175
什么是風(fēng)投專家評(píng)估法？ .............................................................................175
什么是風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素匯總估值法？......................................................................176
公司上市前適用什么估值方法？.................................................................177
何謂可比公司法？............................................................................................178
何謂可比交易法？............................................................................................180
什么是現(xiàn)金流折現(xiàn)法？...................................................................................181
什么是梅特卡夫估值法？ ............................................................................182

區(qū)域股權(quán)交易市場(chǎng)（四板）掛牌須知 ................................................................183

區(qū)域股權(quán)交易市場(chǎng)的特色和運(yùn)行規(guī)則是什么？.....................................183
企業(yè)在區(qū)域股權(quán)市場(chǎng)掛牌需要什么條件？...............................................184
四板掛牌對(duì)企業(yè)融資有何幫助？.................................................................185

新三板掛牌攻略.................. .........................................................................................186

新三板在資本市場(chǎng)的地位是怎樣的？........................................................186
怎樣掌握新三板掛牌條件？..........................................................................187
新三板融資方式有哪些？ ............................................................................189

創(chuàng)業(yè)板上市規(guī)劃 ..........................................................................................................191

創(chuàng)業(yè)板上市特點(diǎn)和條件是什么？..................................................................191
創(chuàng)業(yè)板上市需經(jīng)過哪些程序？.......................................................................193
申報(bào)發(fā)行審查需要準(zhǔn)備哪些文件？..............................................................194
股票發(fā)行審查與核準(zhǔn)的主要步驟是什么？.................................................195
提交發(fā)審需要特別注意什么問題？...............................................................196
技術(shù)出資為什么成為發(fā)審重點(diǎn)？....................................................................196
私募股權(quán)投資為何成為上市障礙？...............................................................197
創(chuàng)業(yè)板嚴(yán)信息披露體現(xiàn)在哪些方面？......................................................199

企業(yè)融資增信支持 .....................................................................................................200

什么是信用增級(jí)？...............................................................................................200
什么是擔(dān)保？.......................................................................................................201
反擔(dān)保與再擔(dān)保有何異同？............................................................................202
什么是信用擔(dān)保？..............................................................................................203
新型融資擔(dān)保體系建設(shè)目標(biāo)是什么？..........................................................204
保險(xiǎn)增信與信用擔(dān)保有何不同？...................................................................206
什么是中小企業(yè)履約保證保險(xiǎn)？...................................................................207
什么是信用保證保險(xiǎn)？.....................................................................................208
中小企業(yè)信用保證保險(xiǎn)開辦品種有哪些？................................................209

企業(yè)融資方案的制定與實(shí)施 ...............................................................................210

怎樣制定企業(yè)融資方案？..............................................................................210
什么是組合運(yùn)用金融工具？..........................................................................211
企業(yè)融資怎樣進(jìn)行合理包裝？......................................................................213
怎樣制作融資申請(qǐng)文件？ .............................................................................214
融資方案的組織實(shí)施的方法策略是什么？...............................................215

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A 篇 種子期企業(yè)金融知識(shí)