Contents Introduction xvii Chapter 1. Linguistic Resources for NLP 1 1.1. The concept of a corpus 1 1.2. Corpus taxonomy 4 1.3. Who collects and distributes corpora? 8 1.4. The lifecycle of a corpus 10 1.5. Examples of existing corpora 23 Chapter 2. The Sphere of Speech 25 2.1. Linguistic studies of speech 25 2.2. Speech processing 61 Chapter 3. Morphology Sphere 89 3.1. Elements of morphology 89 3.2. Automatic morphological analysis 100 Chapter 4. Syntax Sphere 127 4.1. Basic syntactic concepts 127 4.2. Elements of formal syntax 145 4.3. Syntactic formalisms 171 4.4. Automatic parsing 201 Bibliography 245 Index 275 19 Learner differences (2): teaching heterogeneous (mixed) classes 272 20 Teacher development 284 Glossary 298 Bibliography 301 Index 309