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國(guó)外名校名著--化工過(guò)程安全 原理與應(yīng)用 第四版(英文原版影。 讀者對(duì)象:《化工過(guò)程安全原理與應(yīng)用》可作為化學(xué)工程、安全工程、環(huán)境工程及相關(guān)專業(yè)本科生和研究生教材,也可供相關(guān)專業(yè)的科技工作者參考。
《化工過(guò)程安全原理與應(yīng)用》是Daniel A. Crowl教授和Joseph F. Louvar教授所著的國(guó)際經(jīng)典教材。本書(shū)是原著第四版的影印版,包含了當(dāng)前化工安全設(shè)計(jì)及操作時(shí)所需的基礎(chǔ)理論知識(shí),反映了化工安全技術(shù)的最新進(jìn)展以及最新應(yīng)用。從學(xué)生熟知的內(nèi)容入手,由淺入深,系統(tǒng)論述了毒理學(xué),工業(yè)衛(wèi)生,源模型,有害物質(zhì)擴(kuò)散,火災(zāi)和爆炸,防火防爆基本概念,化學(xué)反應(yīng)性,泄放概述與尺寸,危害辨識(shí)和評(píng)估,風(fēng)險(xiǎn)分析和評(píng)價(jià),安全策略、程序與設(shè)計(jì)等內(nèi)容,并對(duì)事故案例及經(jīng)驗(yàn)教訓(xùn)進(jìn)行總結(jié)。本書(shū)含有大量實(shí)驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù),以圖表的形式呈現(xiàn)給讀者,便于學(xué)習(xí)理解與掌握。
《化工過(guò)程安全原理與應(yīng)用》可作為化學(xué)工程、安全工程、環(huán)境工程及相關(guān)專業(yè)本科生和研究生教材,也可供相關(guān)專業(yè)的科技工作者參考。
Daniel A. Crowl 2015年從密歇根理工大學(xué)退休并和他的妻子搬到了猶他州鹽湖城。自2016年起,他以兼職教授的身份在猶他大學(xué)教授化學(xué)工程專業(yè)必修的過(guò)程安全課程,并協(xié)助美國(guó)化學(xué)工程師協(xié)會(huì) (AIChE) 主辦化工行業(yè)的教師研討會(huì)。
Crowl教授是密歇根理工大學(xué)化工過(guò)程安全教授和榮譽(yù)退休教授,地位相當(dāng)于Herbert H. Dow。他在密歇根理工大學(xué)的研究?jī)?nèi)容包括改進(jìn)可燃?xì)怏w和液體的表征方法。這項(xiàng)工作與巴斯夫公司(BASF)的工程項(xiàng)目和Louvar的安全項(xiàng)目相結(jié)合,以確保此工作與工業(yè)實(shí)踐相關(guān)。這項(xiàng)研究改善了全球的可燃性標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。 Crowl教授擁有賓夕法尼亞州立大學(xué)燃料科學(xué)理學(xué)學(xué)士學(xué)位、伊利諾伊大學(xué)化學(xué)工程碩士學(xué)位和博士學(xué)位。1977年,Crowl教授在底特律的韋恩州立大學(xué)開(kāi)始了他的教學(xué)生涯。1985年,他在密歇根州懷恩多特的巴斯夫公司工作了一個(gè)夏天,在那里他第一次了解了化學(xué)工藝安全。 Crowl教授獲得了美國(guó)化工過(guò)程安全中心頒發(fā)的過(guò)程安全認(rèn)證證書(shū)(CCPSC)。Crowl教授是美國(guó)化學(xué)工程師協(xié)會(huì)(AIChE)的幾部關(guān)于過(guò)程安全圖書(shū)的作者或編者,以及《佩里化學(xué)工程師手冊(cè)》(Perry’s Chemical Engineer’s Handbook)第七版和第八版中安全部分的編者。 Crowl教授獲得了許多獎(jiǎng)項(xiàng),包括得克薩斯農(nóng)工大學(xué)Mary K. O’Conner過(guò)程安全中心的優(yōu)異獎(jiǎng),美國(guó)化學(xué)協(xié)會(huì)(ACS)化學(xué)健康與安全獎(jiǎng),美國(guó)化學(xué)工程師協(xié)會(huì)安全與健康部Bill Doyle獎(jiǎng)和Walton/Miller獎(jiǎng),美國(guó)化學(xué)委員會(huì)催化劑獎(jiǎng)以及美國(guó)化學(xué)工程師協(xié)會(huì)理事會(huì)Gary Leach獎(jiǎng)。 Crowl教授是美國(guó)化學(xué)工程師協(xié)會(huì)、美國(guó)化學(xué)協(xié)會(huì)安全與健康部以及美國(guó)化工過(guò)程安全中心的成員。 Joseph F. Louvar擁有化學(xué)工程學(xué)士學(xué)位、碩士學(xué)位和博士學(xué)位。從巴斯夫公司(BASF)退休后,Louvar教授在韋恩州立大學(xué)任教了十年,目前已經(jīng)退休。在韋恩州立大學(xué),他教授化學(xué)過(guò)程安全、風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估和過(guò)程設(shè)計(jì)等課程。在巴斯夫公司工作期間,他曾擔(dān)任巴斯夫化學(xué)工程部門主管,主要負(fù)責(zé)特種化學(xué)品生產(chǎn),以及執(zhí)行過(guò)程安全管理標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的5個(gè)處理高;瘜W(xué)品的工藝裝置的運(yùn)行和維護(hù)。他所在部門的職責(zé)之一是為巴斯夫公司的工廠和工程部門提供化學(xué)品的危險(xiǎn)屬性信息。這一職責(zé)包括設(shè)施、專業(yè)設(shè)備和人事專家的管理。他作為安全專家參與了Crowl教授在密歇根理工大學(xué)的研究以改善其基礎(chǔ)原理,包含了液體、蒸氣和粉塵的可燃性、爆炸性和反應(yīng)性特征。 Louvar教授是多部與安全相關(guān)出版物的作者,也是《化工過(guò)程安全原理與應(yīng)用》(Chemical Process Safety: Fundamentals with Applications)以及《健康和環(huán)境風(fēng)險(xiǎn)分析 基本原理與應(yīng)用》(Health and Environmental Risk Analysis: Fundamentals with Applications)的合著者。Louvar教授曾擔(dān)任美國(guó)化學(xué)工程師協(xié)會(huì)安全與健康部損失預(yù)防委員會(huì)的主席,他也是CCPS大學(xué)生教育委員會(huì)(現(xiàn)稱安全與化學(xué)工程教育委員會(huì),SAChE)專職顧問(wèn),還曾擔(dān)任美國(guó)化學(xué)工程師協(xié)會(huì)的過(guò)程安全期刊《過(guò)程安全進(jìn)展》(Process Safety Progress)的合作編輯。
第1章 Introduction / 緒論 1
1-1 Engineering Ethics / 工程倫理 / 6 1-2 Myths about Process Safety / 關(guān)于過(guò)程安全的誤區(qū) / 7 Myth 1: Process Safety Costs a Lot of Money and Has a Negative Impact on the Company’s Bottom Line / 誤區(qū)1: 過(guò)程安全花費(fèi)大量資金并且對(duì)公司的承受限度有負(fù)面影響 / 7 Myth 2: Process Safety Is the Same As Personal or Even Laboratory Safety / 誤區(qū)2: 過(guò)程安全等同于個(gè)人甚至實(shí)驗(yàn)室安全 / 8 Myth 3: Process Safety Is No More Than Following Rules and Regulations / 誤區(qū)3: 過(guò)程安全無(wú)異于遵守規(guī)章制度 / 8 Myth 4: Process Safety Is a Soft Science—No More Than Hard Hats or Safety Shoes—Not Engineering Science / 誤區(qū)4: 過(guò)程安全是一門軟科學(xué),無(wú)非就是安全帽或安全鞋,不是一門工程科學(xué) / 9 Myth 5: Process Safety Applies Only to the Petrochemical Industry / 誤區(qū)5: 過(guò)程安全只適用于石油化工領(lǐng)域 / 9 Myth 6: Industry Should Train Graduates in Process Safety; This Topic Should Not Be a Part of the Undergraduate Engineering Curriculum / 誤區(qū)6: 行業(yè)應(yīng)當(dāng)對(duì)畢業(yè)生進(jìn)行過(guò)程安全方面的培訓(xùn);本課題不應(yīng)作為本科工程類課程的一部分 / 10 Myth 7: Process Safety Does Not Include Product Safety / 誤區(qū)7: 過(guò)程安全不包含產(chǎn)品安全 / 10 1-3 Safety Culture / 安全文化 / 10 1-4 Individual Risk, Societal Risk, and Risk Populations / 個(gè)人風(fēng)險(xiǎn)、社會(huì)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和風(fēng)險(xiǎn)人群 / 13 1-5 Voluntary and Involuntary Risk / 自愿風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和非自愿風(fēng)險(xiǎn) / 14 1-6 Safety Metrics / 安全指標(biāo) / 15 1-7 Accident and Loss Statistics / 事故和損失統(tǒng)計(jì) / 17 1-8 Risk Perception / 風(fēng)險(xiǎn)認(rèn)知 / 27 1-9 Risk Tolerance/Acceptance and Risk Matrix / 風(fēng)險(xiǎn)容忍度/接受度和風(fēng)險(xiǎn)矩陣 / 27 1-10 Codes, Standards, and Regulations / 規(guī)范、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和法規(guī) / 31 1-11 Safeguards / 安全防護(hù)措施 / 33 1-12 The CCPS 20 Elements of Risk-Based Process Safety / 基于風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的過(guò)程安全的20個(gè)CCPS要素 / 36 1-13 Inherently Safer Design / 本質(zhì)安全設(shè)計(jì) / 42 1-14 The Worst Chemical Plant Tragedy: Bhopal, India, 1984 / 最嚴(yán)重的化工悲。1984年印度博帕爾事故 / 46 1-15 Overview of Chemical Process Safety / 化工過(guò)程安全概述 / 49 Suggested Reading / 推薦讀物 / 49 Problems / 習(xí)題 / 50 第2章 Toxicology / 毒理學(xué) 55 2-1 How Toxicants Enter the Body / 毒物侵入人體的途徑 / 56 Gastrointestinal Tract / 胃腸道 / 57 Skin / 皮膚 / 58 Respiratory System / 呼吸系統(tǒng) / 58 2-2 How Toxicants Are Eliminated from the Body / 從人體內(nèi)消除毒物的途徑 / 59 2-3 Effects of Toxicants on the Body / 毒物對(duì)人體的影響 / 60 2-4 Toxicological Studies / 毒理學(xué)研究 / 61 2-5 Dose versus Response / 劑量與反應(yīng)的關(guān)系 / 62 2-6 Dose and Response Using Probit Equation / 使用概率方程計(jì)算劑量與反應(yīng) / 68 2-7 Relative Toxicity / 相對(duì)毒性 / 74 2-8 Threshold Limit Values / 閾限值 / 75 Online Resources / 在線資源 / 76 Suggested Reading / 推薦讀物 / 77 Problems / 習(xí)題 / 77 第3章 Industrial Hygiene / 工業(yè)衛(wèi)生 79 3-1 Anticipating and Identifying Hazardous Workplace Exposures / 預(yù)測(cè)及辨識(shí)工作場(chǎng)所的有害暴露 / 80 3-2 Globally Harmonized System / 全球化學(xué)品統(tǒng)一分類和標(biāo)簽制度 / 83 Globally Harmonized System for Safety Data Sheets / GHS安全數(shù)據(jù)表體系 / 83 Globally Harmonized System for Labeling / GHS標(biāo)簽體系 / 87 3-3 Evaluate the Magnitude of Exposures and Responses / 對(duì)暴露和反應(yīng)程度的評(píng)價(jià) / 89 Evaluating Exposures to Volatile Toxicants by Monitoring / 通過(guò)監(jiān)測(cè)對(duì)揮發(fā)性毒物的暴露進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià) / 90 Evaluating Worker Exposures to Dusts / 員工暴露于粉塵中的評(píng)價(jià) / 93 Evaluating Worker Exposures to Noise / 員工暴露于噪聲中的評(píng)價(jià) / 94 Evaluating Worker Exposures to Thermal Radiation / 員工暴露于熱輻射中的評(píng)價(jià) / 96 Estimating Worker Exposures to Toxic Vapors / 員工暴露于有毒蒸氣中的評(píng)價(jià) / 97 Estimating the Vaporization Rate of a Liquid / 液體蒸發(fā)速率的評(píng)價(jià) / 100 Estimating Worker Exposures during Vessel Filling Operations / 員工暴露于容器灌裝作業(yè)中的評(píng)價(jià) / 103 3-4 Develop and Evaluate Control Techniques to Prevent Exposures / 發(fā)展和評(píng)價(jià)用于防止暴露的控制技術(shù) / 106 Respirators / 呼吸器 / 108 Ventilation / 通風(fēng) / 109 3-5 National Fire Protection Association Diamond / 美國(guó)消防協(xié)會(huì)菱形標(biāo)簽 / 115 Online Resources / 在線資源 / 116 Suggested Reading / 推薦讀物 / 117 Problems / 習(xí)題 / 117 第4章 Source Models / 源模型 119 4-1 Introduction to Source Models / 源模型簡(jiǎn)介 / 121 4-2 Flow of Liquid through a Hole / 液體經(jīng)孔洞流出 / 123 4-3 Flow of Liquid through a Hole in a Tank / 液體經(jīng)儲(chǔ)罐上的孔洞流出 / 126 4-4 Flow of Liquids through Pipes / 液體經(jīng)管道流出 / 130 2-K Method / 2-K方法 / 134 4-5 Flow of Gases or Vapors through Holes / 氣體或蒸氣經(jīng)孔洞流出 / 140 4-6 Flow of Gases or Vapors through Pipes / 氣體或蒸氣經(jīng)管道流出 / 145 Adiabatic Flows / 絕熱流動(dòng) / 146 Isothermal Flows / 等溫流動(dòng) / 152 4-7 Flashing Liquids / 閃蒸液體 / 162 4-8 Liquid Pool Evaporation or Boiling / 液池蒸發(fā)或沸騰 / 168 4-9 Realistic and Worst-Case Releases / 實(shí)際和最壞情景釋放 / 169 4-10 Conservative Analysis / 保守分析 / 169 Suggested Reading / 推薦讀物 / 172 Problems / 習(xí)題 / 173 第5章 Hazardous Material Dispersion / 有害物質(zhì)擴(kuò)散 177 5-1 Parameters Affecting Dispersion / 影響擴(kuò)散的參數(shù) / 178 5-2 Neutrally Buoyant Dispersion Models / 中性浮力擴(kuò)散模型 / 183 5-3 Pasquill–Gifford Model / Pasquill–Gifford模型 / 184 Case 1: Puff with Instantaneous Point Source at Ground Level, Coordinates Fixed at Release Point, Constant Wind Only in x Direction with Constant Velocity u / 情況1: 地面上瞬時(shí)點(diǎn)源的煙團(tuán)(坐標(biāo)系固定在釋放點(diǎn),風(fēng)僅沿x軸方向,速度恒定為u)/ 189 Case 2: Plume with Continuous Steady-State Source at Ground Level and Wind Moving in x Direction at Constant Velocity u / 情況2: 地面上連續(xù)穩(wěn)態(tài)源的煙羽(風(fēng)速u恒定,風(fēng)僅沿x軸方向)/ 190 Case 3: Plume with Continuous Steady-State Source at Height Hr above Ground Level and Wind Moving in x Direction at Constant Velocity u / 情況3: 在地面上方Hr高度的連續(xù)穩(wěn)態(tài)源的煙羽(風(fēng)速u恒定,風(fēng)僅沿x軸方向)/ 190 Case 4: Puff with Instantaneous Point Source at Height Hr above Ground Level and a Coordinate System on the Ground That Moves with the Puff / 情況4: 在地面上方Hr高度瞬時(shí)點(diǎn)源的煙團(tuán)(坐標(biāo)系位于煙團(tuán)中心的地面投影上,隨煙團(tuán)移動(dòng))/ 191 Case 5: Puff with Instantaneous Point Source at Height Hr above Ground Level and a Coordinate System Fixed on the Ground at the Release Point / 情況5: 在地面上方Hr高度瞬時(shí)點(diǎn)源的煙團(tuán)(坐標(biāo)系固定在釋放點(diǎn)的地面投影上)/ 192 Isopleths / 等值線 / 192 Effect of Release Momentum and Buoyancy / 釋放動(dòng)量和浮力的影響 / 193 Worst-Case Dispersion Conditions / 最壞擴(kuò)散事件情景 / 194 Limitations to Pasquill–Gifford Dispersion Modeling / Pasquill–Gifford擴(kuò)散模型的局限性 / 195 5-4 Dense Gas Dispersion / 重氣擴(kuò)散模型 / 197 5-5 Toxic Effect Criteria / 毒性作用標(biāo)準(zhǔn) / 198 Emergency Response Planning Guidelines / 應(yīng)急響應(yīng)計(jì)劃指南 / 199 Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health / 直接致害濃度 / 199 Emergency Exposure Guidance Levels and Short-Term Public Emergency Guidance Levels / 緊急暴露指導(dǎo)限值和短時(shí)間公眾緊急暴露指導(dǎo)限值 / 202 Acute Exposure Guideline Levels / 急性暴露指導(dǎo)限值 / 204 Threshold Limit Values / 閾限值 / 207 Permissible Exposure Limits / 允許暴露限值 / 207 Toxic Endpoints / 毒性終點(diǎn) / 207 5-6 Release Prevention and Mitigation / 釋放預(yù)防與緩解 / 209 Suggested Reading / 推薦讀物 / 212 Problems / 習(xí)題 / 212 第6章 Fires and Explosions / 火災(zāi)和爆炸 219 6-1 The Fire Triangle / 火三角 / 220 6-2 Distinction between Fires and Explosions / 火災(zāi)和爆炸的區(qū)別 / 221 6-3 Definitions / 定義 / 221 6-4 Flammability Characteristics of Liquids and Vapors / 液體和蒸氣的燃燒特性 / 224 Liquids / 液體 / 224 Gas and Vapor Mixtures / 氣體和蒸氣混合物 / 227 Flammability Limit Dependence on Temperature / 燃燒極限隨溫度的變化 / 229 Flammability Limit Dependence on Pressure / 燃燒極限隨壓力的變化 / 229 Estimating Flammability Limits / 燃燒極限估算 / 230 Limiting Oxygen Concentration (LOC) and Inerting / 極限氧濃度(LOC)和惰化 / 234 Flammability Diagram / 可燃界限圖 / 236 Autoignition / 自燃 / 244 Auto-Oxidation / 自氧化 / 245 Adiabatic Compression / 絕熱壓縮 / 245 6-5 Flammability Characteristics of Dusts / 粉塵燃燒特性 / 247 6-6 Sprays and Mists / 薄霧和飛沫 / 248 6-7 Ignition Energy / 點(diǎn)火能 / 248 6-8 Ignition Sources / 點(diǎn)火源 / 250 6-9 Experimental Characterization of Gas/Vapor and Dust Explosions / 氣體/蒸氣和粉塵爆炸的實(shí)驗(yàn)表征 / 251 Gases/Vapors / 氣體/蒸氣 / 251 Dusts / 粉塵 / 255 Application of Flammability Data of Gases/Vapors and Dusts / 氣體/蒸氣和粉塵可燃性數(shù)據(jù)的應(yīng)用 / 258 6-10 Explosions / 爆炸 / 258 Detonation and Deflagration / 爆轟和爆燃 / 259 Confined Explosions / 受限爆炸 / 261 Blast Damage Resulting from Overpressure / 超壓造成的爆炸傷害 / 261 TNT Equivalency / TNT當(dāng)量法 / 265 TNO Multi-Energy Method / TNO多能法 / 266 Energy of Chemical Explosions / 化學(xué)爆炸能 / 270 Energy of Mechanical Explosions / 機(jī)械爆炸能 / 272 Missile Damage / 拋射物傷害 / 274 Blast Damage to People / 爆炸對(duì)人的傷害 / 274 Vapor Cloud Explosions (VCE) / 蒸氣云爆炸(VCE) / 276 Boiling-Liquid Expanding-Vapor Explosions / 沸騰液體擴(kuò)展蒸氣云爆炸 / 277 Suggested Reading / 推薦讀物 / 278 Problems / 習(xí)題 / 278 第7章 Concepts to Prevent Fires and Explosions / 防火防爆基本概念 283 7-1 Inerting / 惰化 / 284 Vacuum Purging / 真空惰化 / 285 Pressure Purging / 壓力惰化 / 288 Combined Pressure-Vacuum Purging / 真空-壓力聯(lián)合惰化 / 289 Vacuum and Pressure Purging with Impure Nitrogen / 使用不純氮?dú)膺M(jìn)行真空和壓力惰化 / 291 Sweep-Through Purging / 吹掃惰化 / 292 Siphon Purging / 虹吸惰化 / 293 Using the Flammability Diagram to Avoid Flammable Atmospheres / 使用可燃界限圖避免可燃性氣氛 / 293 7-2 Static Electricity / 靜電 / 299 Fundamentals of Static Charge / 靜電基本原理 / 299 Charge Accumulation / 電荷積聚 / 300 Electrostatic Discharges / 靜電放電 / 300 Energy from Electrostatic Discharges / 靜電釋放能 / 303 Energy of Electrostatic Ignition Sources / 靜電點(diǎn)火源能量 / 304 Streaming Current / 流動(dòng)電流 / 304 Electrostatic Voltage Drops / 靜電電壓降 / 307 Energy of Charged Capacitors / 荷電電容器的能量 / 308 Capacitance of a Body / 物體的電容 / 312 7-3 Controlling Static Electricity / 控制靜電 / 315 General Design Methods to Prevent Electrostatic Ignitions / 防止靜電點(diǎn)燃的通用設(shè)計(jì)方法 / 316 Relaxation / 弛豫 / 317 Bonding and Grounding / 搭接和接地 / 317 Dip Pipes / 采用浸漬管 / 320 Increasing Conductivity with Additives / 使用添加劑增加導(dǎo)電性 / 321 Handling Solids without Flammable Vapors / 在沒(méi)有可燃蒸氣存在的條件下處理固體 / 321 Handling Solids with Flammable Vapors / 在可燃蒸氣存在的條件下處理固體 / 321 7-4 Explosion-Proof Equipment and Instruments / 防爆設(shè)備和工具 / 323 Explosion-Proof Housings / 防爆外殼 / 323 Area and Material Classification / 區(qū)域和物料分類 / 324 Design of an XP Rated Area / XP級(jí)區(qū)域的設(shè)計(jì) / 325 7-5 Ventilation / 通風(fēng) / 325 Open-Air Plants / 露天裝置 / 325 Plants Inside Buildings / 建筑內(nèi)的裝置 / 326 7-6 Sprinkler Systems / 噴淋系統(tǒng) / 329 7-7 Industry’s Fire and Explosion Protection Strategy / 工業(yè)防火防爆方法 / 332 Practices / 實(shí)踐 / 332 Passive and Active Systems / 被動(dòng)和主動(dòng)系統(tǒng) / 333 Plant Fire Protection Infrastructure / 工廠防火基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施 / 333 Documentation of Fire and Explosion Protection Strategy / 防火防爆方法檔案 / 334 Suggested Reading / 推薦讀物 / 334 Problems / 習(xí)題 / 334 第8章 Chemical Reactivity / 化學(xué)反應(yīng)性 337 8-1 Background Understanding / 背景介紹 / 338 8-2 Commitment, Awareness, and Identification of Reactive Chemical Hazards / 反應(yīng)性化學(xué)危害的承諾、認(rèn)知和辨識(shí) / 340 8-3 Characterization of Reactive Chemical Hazards Using Calorimeters / 用量熱儀表征反應(yīng)性化學(xué)危害 / 346 Introduction to Reactive Hazards Calorimetry / 反應(yīng)性危害量熱簡(jiǎn)介 / 347 Theoretical Analysis of Calorimeter Data / 量熱儀數(shù)據(jù)的理論分析 / 353 Estimation of Parameters from Calorimeter Data / 量熱儀數(shù)據(jù)的參數(shù)估算 / 364 Adjusting the Data for the Heat Capacity of the Sample Vessel / 樣品容器熱容數(shù)據(jù)的調(diào)整 / 369 Heat of Reaction Data from Calorimeter Data / 量熱儀的反應(yīng)熱數(shù)據(jù) / 370 Using Pressure Data from the Calorimeter / 量熱儀壓力數(shù)據(jù)的使用 / 370 Application of Calorimeter Data / 量熱儀數(shù)據(jù)的應(yīng)用 / 371 8-4 Controlling Reactive Hazards / 反應(yīng)性化學(xué)危害的控制 / 372 Suggested Reading / 推薦讀物 / 374 Problems / 習(xí)題 / 374 第9章 Introduction to Reliefs / 泄放概述 379 9-1 Relief Concepts / 泄放的概念 / 380 9-2 Definitions / 泄放相關(guān)術(shù)語(yǔ) / 381 9-3 Code Requirements / 規(guī)范及要求 / 383 9-4 Relief System Design / 泄放系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì) / 386 Fire Protection / 防火 / 391 9-5 Relief Types and Characteristics / 泄放設(shè)備的類型和特征 / 391 Spring-Operated Reliefs / 彈簧式泄放閥 / 392 Rupture Discs / 爆破片 / 394 Buckling or Rupture Pin Reliefs / 屈曲或銷式泄放閥 / 395 Pilot-Operated Reliefs / 先導(dǎo)式泄放閥 / 396 Advantages and Disadvantages of Various Reliefs / 不同泄放設(shè)備的優(yōu)缺點(diǎn) / 400 9-6 Relief Installation Practices / 泄放設(shè)備安裝實(shí)踐 / 400 9-7 Relief Effluent Handling / 泄放物的處置 / 403 Horizontal Knockout Drum / 水平分液罐 / 405 Flares / 火炬 / 405 Scrubbers / 洗滌器 / 406 Condensers / 冷凝器 / 406 Suggested Reading / 推薦讀物 / 406 Problems / 習(xí)題 / 406 第10章 Relief Sizing / 泄放尺寸 411 10-1 Set Pressure and Accumulation Limits for Reliefs / 泄放設(shè)備的設(shè)定壓力和累積壓力限值 / 413 10-2 Relief Sizing for Liquid Service / 液體裝置的泄放尺寸 / 415 10-3 Relief Sizing for Vapor and Gas Service / 蒸氣和氣體裝置的泄放尺寸 / 422 Subcritical Vapor/Gas Flow / 亞臨界蒸氣/氣體流 / 424 Steam Flow Relief Sizing / 蒸汽流的泄放尺寸 / 424 Rupture Disc Sizing / 爆破片泄放尺寸 / 424 Pilot-Operated Relief Sizing / 先導(dǎo)式泄放閥泄放尺寸 / 425 Buckling Pin Relief Sizing / 屈曲或銷式泄放閥泄放尺寸 / 425 10-4 Two-Phase Flow during Runaway Reaction Relief / 失控反應(yīng)器泄放的兩相流 / 428 10-5 Deflagration Venting for Dust and Vapor Explosions / 粉塵和蒸氣爆炸的爆燃泄放 / 434 Vents for Gases/Vapors and Mists / 氣體/蒸氣和霧氣的泄放 / 436 Vents for Dusts and Hybrid Mixtures / 粉塵和混合物的泄放 / 439 10-6 Venting for Fires External to the Process / 火災(zāi)環(huán)境下工藝容器的泄放 / 440 10-7 Reliefs for Thermal Expansion of Process Fluids / 工藝流體熱膨脹的泄放 / 444 Suggested Reading / 推薦讀物 / 447 Problems / 習(xí)題 / 449 第11章 Hazards Identification and Evaluation / 危害辨識(shí)和評(píng)估 453 11-1 Introduction to Hazard Identification/ Evaluation and Risk Analysis / 危害辨識(shí)/評(píng)估和風(fēng)險(xiǎn)分析簡(jiǎn)介 / 455 11-2 Non-Scenario-Based Hazard Identification/Evaluation Methods / 基于非事故場(chǎng)景的危害辨識(shí)/評(píng)估方法 / 463 Checklist Analysis / 安全檢查表分析 / 463 Safety Reviews / 安全審查 / 466 Inherent Safety Reviews / 本質(zhì)安全審查 / 467 Preliminary Hazard Analysis / 預(yù)先危險(xiǎn)分析 / 468 Relative Ranking / 相對(duì)危害等級(jí)分析 / 469 11-3 Scenario-Based Hazard Identification/ Evaluation Methods / 基于事故場(chǎng)景的危害辨識(shí)/評(píng)估方法 / 471 Hazard and Operability Studies / 危險(xiǎn)和可操作性研究 / 471 Failure Modes and Effects Analysis / 故障模式及影響分析 / 479 What-If Analysis / 假設(shè)分析 / 482 What-If/Checklist Analysis / 假設(shè)/檢查表分析 / 482 11-4 Documentation and Actions Required for Hazard Identification and Evaluation / 危害辨識(shí)和評(píng)估所需的方法和文檔 / 483 Suggested Reading / 推薦讀物 / 483 Problems / 習(xí)題 / 483 第12章 Risk Analysis and Assessment / 風(fēng)險(xiǎn)分析和評(píng)價(jià) 487 12-1 Review of Probability Theory / 概率論回顧 / 487 Interactions between Process Units / 工藝單元間的相互作用 / 489 Revealed and Unrevealed Failures / 顯性失效和隱性失效 / 496 Probability of Coincidence / 重合概率 / 499 Redundancy / 冗余 / 500 Common-Cause Failures / 共模失效 / 501 12-2 Event Trees / 事件樹(shù) / 501 12-3 Fault Trees / 事故樹(shù) / 506 Determining the Minimal Cut Sets / 最小割集的確定 / 509 Quantitative Calculations Using the Fault Tree / 事故樹(shù)的定量計(jì)算 / 512 Advantages and Disadvantages of Fault Trees / 事故樹(shù)的優(yōu)缺點(diǎn) / 512 12-4 Bow-Tie Diagrams / 領(lǐng)結(jié)圖 / 513 12-5 Quantitative Risk Analysis / 定量風(fēng)險(xiǎn)分析 / 514 12-6 Layer of Protection Analysis / 保護(hù)層分析 / 515 Estimating the LOPA Consequence / LOPA后果評(píng)估 / 518 Estimating the LOPA Frequency / LOPA頻率評(píng)估 / 518 12-7 Risk Assessment / 風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)價(jià) / 526 Consequence versus Frequency Plot / 后果與頻率曲線圖 / 526 Individual Risk: Risk Contours / 個(gè)人風(fēng)險(xiǎn): 風(fēng)險(xiǎn)等值線 / 526 Societal Risk: F-N Plots / 社會(huì)風(fēng)險(xiǎn): F-N圖 / 527 Suggested Reading / 推薦讀物 / 530 Problems / 習(xí)題 / 530 第13章 Safety Strategies, Procedures, and Designs / 安全策略、程序與設(shè)計(jì) 533 13-1 Process Safety Strategies / 過(guò)程安全策略 / 533 Process Safety Hierarchy / 過(guò)程安全層級(jí) / 533 Human Factors / 人為因素 / 533 Managing Safety / 安全管理 / 534 Incident Investigations / 事故調(diào)查 / 535 Root Cause Analysis / 根本原因分析 / 536 13-2 Safe Operating Procedures / 安全操作程序 / 537 13-3 Safe Work Practices / 安全作業(yè)準(zhǔn)則 / 538 Hot Work / 動(dòng)火作業(yè) / 539 Energy Isolation (Lock-Out/Tag-Out—LOTO; Lock, Tag, Try) / 隔絕能量(上鎖/掛牌; 上鎖-掛牌-測(cè)試)/ 539 Confined-Space Entry (Vessel Entry) / 進(jìn)入受限空間(進(jìn)入容器內(nèi))/ 540 13-4 Designs for Process Safety / 過(guò)程安全設(shè)計(jì) / 541 Inherently Safer Designs / 本質(zhì)安全設(shè)計(jì) / 541 Controls: Emergency Isolation Valves / 緊急隔離閥控制 / 541 Controls: Double Block and Bleed / 雙關(guān)雙泄放控制 / 541 Controls: Safeguards and Redundancy / 安全防護(hù)措施或冗余控制 / 542 Controls: Explosion Suppression / 抑爆控制 / 543 Flame Arrestors / 阻火器 / 544 Containment / 容納系統(tǒng) / 544 Materials of Construction / 設(shè)備選材 / 545 Process Vessels / 工藝容器 / 546 Miscellaneous Designs for Preventing Fires and Explosions / 防火和防爆設(shè)計(jì) / 547 13-5 Designs for Runaway Reactions / 失控反應(yīng)設(shè)計(jì) / 547 13-6 Designs and Practices for the Safe Handling of Dusts / 粉塵安全處理的設(shè)計(jì)和實(shí)踐 / 548 Preventing Dust Explosions / 防止粉塵爆炸 / 549 Suggested Reading / 推薦讀物 / 549 Problems / 習(xí)題 / 550 第14章 Case Histories and Lessons Learned / 事故案例及經(jīng)驗(yàn)教訓(xùn) 551 14-1 Process Safety Culture / 過(guò)程安全文化 / 552 Case History: Explosions at a Refinery Due to Inadequate Process Safety Culture / 事故案例:因缺乏過(guò)程安全文化而導(dǎo)致的煉油廠爆炸事故 / 552 14-2 Compliance with Standards / 安全標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的遵守 / 553 Case History: Dust Explosions at a Pharmaceutical Plant Due to Inadequate Training on the Use of Standards / 事故案例:因?qū)κ褂脴?biāo)準(zhǔn)的培訓(xùn)不足導(dǎo)致的制藥廠粉塵爆炸事故 / 553 14-3 Process Safety Competency / 過(guò)程安全能力 / 554 Case History: An Explosion of a Blender Due to Inadequate Knowledge of Chemical Process Safety / 事故案例:因缺乏化工過(guò)程安全知識(shí)導(dǎo)致的攪拌器爆炸事故 / 554 14-4 Workplace Involvement / 工作場(chǎng)所的參與度 / 555 Case History: A Fatality in a Ribbon Blender Due to an Inadequate Lock-Out/Tag-Out Permit System / 事故案例:因缺乏上鎖/掛牌許可程序?qū)е碌膸綌嚢杵魉劳鍪鹿?/ 555 14-5 Stakeholder Outreach / 與利益相關(guān)者溝通 / 556 Case History: Increased Consequences in an Adjacent Community Due to Inadequate Outreach / 事故案例:缺乏溝通而導(dǎo)致事故后果升級(jí)擴(kuò)大到毗鄰企業(yè) / 556 14-6 Process Knowledge Management / 過(guò)程安全知識(shí)管理 / 556 Case History: A Runaway Reaction and Explosion Due to Inadequate Process Knowledge Management / 事故案例:缺乏過(guò)程安全知識(shí)管理引發(fā)的失控反應(yīng)和爆炸事故 / 556 14-7 Hazard Identification and Risk Analysis / 危害辨識(shí)和風(fēng)險(xiǎn)分析 / 557 Case History: A Chemical Release and Fire Due to Inadequate Identification of Brittle Metal Failure / 事故案例:未對(duì)脆性金屬故障進(jìn)行有效識(shí)別而導(dǎo)致的化學(xué)物質(zhì)釋放和火災(zāi)事故 / 557 14-8 Operating Procedures / 操作程序 / 558 Case History: A Fatality from a Runaway Reaction Due to Inadequate Training on the Use of Procedures / 事故案例:因未對(duì)操作程序進(jìn)行充分的培訓(xùn)而導(dǎo)致的失控反應(yīng)死亡事故 / 558 Case History: Runaway Reaction and Explosion Due to Inadequate Procedures / 事故案例:不當(dāng)?shù)牟僮鞒绦蛞l(fā)的失控反應(yīng)和爆炸事故 / 559 14-9 Safe Work Practices / 安全作業(yè)準(zhǔn)則 / 559 Case History: An Explosion Due to a Missing Hot-Work-Permit System / 事故案例:因缺少動(dòng)火作業(yè)許可系統(tǒng)導(dǎo)致的爆炸事故 / 560 14-10 Asset Integrity and Reliability / 資產(chǎn)的完整性和可靠性 / 560 Case History: A Catastrophic Pipe Rupture Due to an Inadequate Asset Integrity Program / 事故案例:由于資產(chǎn)完整性規(guī)劃不充分而導(dǎo)致的災(zāi)難性管道破裂事故 / 561 14-11 Contractor Management / 承包商管理 / 561 Case History: Fire and Fatalities in a Tunnel Due to Poor Management of Contractors / 事故案例:由于承包商管理不善造成的隧道火災(zāi)和死亡事故 / 561 14-12 Training and Performance Assurance / 安全培訓(xùn)和工作表現(xiàn) / 562 Case History: An LPG Leak and BLEVE Due to Inadequate Training / 事故案例:由于培訓(xùn)不足而導(dǎo)致的液化石油氣泄漏和沸騰液體膨脹蒸氣爆炸事故 / 562 14-13 Management of Change / 變更管理 / 563 Case History: An Explosion Due to Missing Management of Change Procedure / 事故案例:在變更過(guò)程中缺乏管理導(dǎo)致的爆炸事故 / 563 14-14 Operational Readiness / 作業(yè)準(zhǔn)備 / 564 Case History: A Fatality in a Ribbon Blender Due to an Inadequate Pre-Startup Safety Review / 事故案例:由于啟動(dòng)前對(duì)帶式攪拌器的安全審查不充分導(dǎo)致的死亡事故 / 564 14-15 Conduct of Operations / 進(jìn)行中的作業(yè) / 565 Case History: Explosions in a Refinery Due to Inadequate Conduct of Operations / 事故案例:因員工操作不當(dāng)引起的煉油廠爆炸事故 / 565 Case History: A Toxic Release Due to Inadequate Conduct of Operations / 事故案例:由于操作不當(dāng)導(dǎo)致的有毒物質(zhì)釋放事故 / 565 14-16 Emergency Management / 應(yīng)急管理 / 566 Case History: An Ammonium Nitrate Explosion Due to Inadequate Emergency Management / 事故案例:由于應(yīng)急管理不力導(dǎo)致的硝酸銨爆炸事故 / 566 Case History: An Explosion in a Pesticide Plant Due to Inadequate Emergency Management / 事故案例:由于應(yīng)急管理不到位而發(fā)生的農(nóng)藥廠爆炸事故 / 567 14-17 Incident Investigation / 事故調(diào)查 / 567 Case History: Space Shuttle Fatalities Caused by Inadequate Incident Investigations / 事故案例:因事故調(diào)查不充分導(dǎo)致的航天飛機(jī)失事事故 / 568 Case History: Explosions in a Sugar Refinery Due to Inadequate Incident Investigations / 事故案例:因事故調(diào)查不充分導(dǎo)致的煉糖廠爆炸事故 / 568 14-18 Measurement and Metrics / 安全計(jì)量和指標(biāo) / 569 Case History: Flight Failure of Mars Orbiter Due to Inadequate Analysis of Flight Path Deviations / 事故案例:因?qū)︼w行路徑偏差的分析不充分而導(dǎo)致的火星軌道飛行器的飛行失敗事故 / 569 Case History: Explosions in an Oil Refinery Due to Inadequate Focus on Process Safety Metrics / 事故案例:對(duì)過(guò)程安全指標(biāo)重視不夠造成的煉油廠爆炸事故 / 569 14-19 Auditing / 安全審查 / 570 Case History: Explosion in a Gas Plant Due to an Inadequate Audit of Asset Integrity and Reliability / 事故案例:由于資產(chǎn)完整性和可靠性審查不足導(dǎo)致的天然氣廠爆炸事故 / 570 14-20 Management Review and Continuous Improvement / 安全管理審查和持續(xù)改進(jìn) / 570 Case History: An Explosion Due to the Failure of Many RBPS Elements / 事故案例:由于眾多RBPS元素失效而導(dǎo)致的爆炸事故 / 571 14-21 Summary / 總結(jié) / 571 Suggested Reading / 推薦讀物 / 571 Problems / 習(xí)題 / 572 APPENDIX / 附錄 573 A Unit Conversion Constants / 單位換算常數(shù) / 573 B Flammability Data for Selected Hydrocarbons / 常見(jiàn)碳?xì)浠衔锏娜紵龜?shù)據(jù) / 576 C Saturation Vapor Pressure Data / 飽和蒸氣壓數(shù)據(jù) / 581 D Special Types of Reactive Chemicals / 特殊類型的反應(yīng)性化學(xué)物質(zhì) / 582 E Hazardous Chemicals Data for a Variety of Chemical Substances / 化學(xué)物質(zhì)的危險(xiǎn)特性數(shù)據(jù) / 588 F Process Diagrams / 流程圖 / 594 Nomenclature / 符號(hào)表 598 Index / 電子索引
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