目錄
創(chuàng)造未來的科技發(fā)展新趨勢（代序）白春禮i
前言中國科學(xué)院“科學(xué)發(fā)展報(bào)告”課題組vii
第一章科學(xué)展望1
1.1等離子體物理發(fā)展展望李建剛朱少平李儒新等3
1.2引力波探測和引力本質(zhì)研究
21世紀(jì)基礎(chǔ)科學(xué)的革命性突破吳岳良15
1.3精準(zhǔn)醫(yī)學(xué)發(fā)展展望金力楊忠徐萍等32
第二章科學(xué)前沿43
2.1宇宙線起源的天文學(xué)前沿問題劉四明45
2.2X射線自由電子激光現(xiàn)狀與未來發(fā)展趙振堂王東陳建輝5l
2.3新型二維石墨塊碳材料研究進(jìn)展李玉良61
2.4聚合物太陽電池的相關(guān)研究進(jìn)展及未來挑戰(zhàn)侯劍輝68
2.5鋰空氣電池技術(shù)研究進(jìn)展與展望徐吉靜張新波李泓74
2.6腫瘤免疫治療研究前沿進(jìn)展與展望劉洋曹雪濤79
2.7常見精神障礙的分子遺傳學(xué)研究進(jìn)展張于亞楠岳偉華86
2.8近期青藏高原冰川變化及其影響姚檀棟楊威余武生等94
2.9中微子振蕩：新物理的突破口2015年諾貝爾物理學(xué)獎(jiǎng)評述一曹俊101
2.10DNA修復(fù)與基因組穩(wěn)定性2015年諾貝爾化學(xué)獎(jiǎng)評述一孔道春106
2.11抗擊寄生蟲病的里程碑2015年諾貝爾生理學(xué)或醫(yī)學(xué)獎(jiǎng)評述一劉滿俞強(qiáng)111
第三章2015年中國科研代表性成果117
3.1邏輯系統(tǒng)的代數(shù)狀態(tài)空間理論一程代展齊洪勝劉挺119
3.2發(fā)現(xiàn)宇宙早期黑洞質(zhì)量最大的超亮類星體．吳學(xué)兵124
3.3外爾半金屬及外爾費(fèi)米子的理論預(yù)言與實(shí)驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn)翁紅明戴希方忠128
3.4豐質(zhì)子核22Mg和23Al的雙質(zhì)子發(fā)射實(shí)驗(yàn)測量馬余剛方德清132
3.5鐵電材料巾通量全閉合疇結(jié)構(gòu)的發(fā)現(xiàn)馬秀良137
3.6科學(xué)家實(shí)現(xiàn)多自由度量子體系隱形傳態(tài)汪喜林劉乃樂陸朝陽等142
3.7二維超導(dǎo)中量子格里菲思奇異性的發(fā)現(xiàn)王健147
3.8硫醇分子的生物學(xué)功能認(rèn)知取得重要進(jìn)展——兩個(gè)小分子硫醇通過代謝偶聯(lián)主導(dǎo)林可霉素的牛物合成趙群飛王敏劉文151
3.9為綠色能源求解：人工合成光合作用水裂解催化中心張純喜155
3.10表面分子分形結(jié)構(gòu)研究進(jìn)展吳凱王永鋒159
3.11環(huán)內(nèi)過氧橋鍵生物合成獲得重要進(jìn)展——a酬戊二酸依賴的單核非血紅素鐵酶催化的環(huán)內(nèi)過氧橋鍵的形成張立新162
3.12解析細(xì)胞炎性壞死的關(guān)鍵分子機(jī)制石建金邵峰167
3.13NAIPNI．RC4炎癥小體激活的分子機(jī)制胡澤汗柴繼杰170
3.14CRISPRCas系統(tǒng)中外源DNA荻取的結(jié)構(gòu)基礎(chǔ)和分子機(jī)制王久宇王艷麗174
3.15神經(jīng)環(huán)路精確化的競爭機(jī)制鈣黏蛋白／環(huán)連蛋白復(fù)合物介導(dǎo)樹突棘的協(xié)同修剪與成熟邊文杰于翔177
3.16人類三維基因組學(xué)的研究進(jìn)展及其精準(zhǔn)醫(yī)學(xué)意義朱菊芬李國亮阮一駿181
3.17共生菌調(diào)控貨物分揀促進(jìn)共生劉志華186
3.18E3泛素連接酶Nrdpl負(fù)向調(diào)節(jié)CD8+T細(xì)胞的活化陳濤涌曹雪濤189
3.19植物氣體激素乙烯作用的新機(jī)制．李文陽馬夢迪郭紅衛(wèi)192
3.20太平洋西邊界流及其氣候效應(yīng)吳立新胡敦欣林霄沛等196
3.21地球內(nèi)核內(nèi)的核宋曉東201
3.22海洋驅(qū)動(dòng)下冰架的變薄可加劇南極冰架的崩解和退縮程曉劉巖惠鳳鳴204
3.23氣候與地表覆蓋對產(chǎn)水量作用的全球模式．周國逸209
3.24未來的巾國森林仍然是一個(gè)顯著的碳匯方精云胡會(huì)峰212
第四章科技領(lǐng)域發(fā)展觀察215
4.1基礎(chǔ)前沿領(lǐng)域發(fā)展觀察劉小平呂曉蓉黃龍光等217
4.2人口健康與醫(yī)藥領(lǐng)域發(fā)展觀察徐萍許麗王碉等231
4.3生物科技領(lǐng)域發(fā)展觀察陳云偉陳方丁陳君等243
4.4農(nóng)業(yè)科技領(lǐng)域發(fā)展觀察董瑜楊艷萍邢穎252
4.5環(huán)境科學(xué)領(lǐng)域發(fā)展觀察曲建升廖琴曾靜靜等263
4.6地球科學(xué)領(lǐng)域發(fā)展觀察張志強(qiáng)鄭軍衛(wèi)趙紀(jì)東等272
4.7空問科學(xué)領(lǐng)域發(fā)展觀察楊帆韓淋王海名等283
4.8信息科技領(lǐng)域發(fā)展觀察房俊民王立娜唐川等294
4.9能源科技領(lǐng)域發(fā)展觀察陳偉張軍趙黛青等303
4.10材料制造領(lǐng)域發(fā)展觀察萬勇馮瑞華黃健等316
4.11重大研究基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施領(lǐng)域發(fā)展觀察李澤霞孫震冷伏海327
第五章中國科學(xué)發(fā)展概況337
5.12015午科技部基礎(chǔ)研究管理工作進(jìn)展傅小鋒李非周平等339
5.22015年國家自然科學(xué)基金項(xiàng)目申請與資助情況．謝煥瑛346
5.3中國科學(xué)五年產(chǎn)出評估——基于WoS數(shù)據(jù)庫論文的統(tǒng)計(jì)分析（2010～2014年）岳婷楊立英丁潔蘭等353
第六章中國科學(xué)發(fā)展建議373
6.1改進(jìn)我國科學(xué)評價(jià)體系，促進(jìn)卓越科學(xué)研究中國科學(xué)院學(xué)部咨詢評議工作委員會(huì)“全球化深入發(fā)展下的科學(xué)價(jià)值評估”咨詢課題組375
6.2關(guān)于設(shè)立國家生命倫理委員會(huì)的建議中國科學(xué)院學(xué)部“生命醫(yī)學(xué)倫理研究與生命科學(xué)前沿的發(fā)展”咨詢課題組381
6.3加強(qiáng)信息與生命交叉學(xué)科研究，促進(jìn)信息科學(xué)與醫(yī)學(xué)生命科學(xué)融合創(chuàng)新發(fā)展中國科學(xué)院學(xué)部“信息與生命交叉學(xué)科研究與對策”咨詢課題組386
6.4全面推進(jìn)我國湖泊與濕地保護(hù)的戰(zhàn)略對策與建議中國科學(xué)院學(xué)部“中國水安全保障的戰(zhàn)略與對策”重大咨詢課題組394
附錄399
附錄一2015年巾國與世界十大科技進(jìn)展401
附錄二2015年中國科學(xué)院、中國工程院新當(dāng)選院士名單412
附錄三香山科學(xué)會(huì)議2015年學(xué)術(shù)討論會(huì)一覽表418
附錄四2015年中國科學(xué)院學(xué)部“科學(xué)與技術(shù)前沿論壇”一覽表421
CONTENTS
New Trends of Science and Technology: Shaping the Future i
Introduction vii
Chapter 1An Outlook on Science
1.1Prospects of Plasma Physics 14
1.2 Gravitational Wave Detection and Study on the Nature of Gravitys -Revolutionary Breakthrough of Basic Science in 2lst Century 31
1.3 Prccision Mcdicinc: A Ncw Emcrging Mcdical Modcl 41
Chapter 2Frontiers in Sciences 43
2.1 The Origin of Cosmic Rays 50
2.2Xray Freeelectron I)asers: Status and Perspectives59
2.3Advances and Progresses of Novel Two Dimensional Graphdiyne Based Carbon Materials67
2.4Challenges and Recent Progress of Polymer Solar Cells 73
2.5Advances and Prospects of Lithium-Air Batteries Research78
2.6The Current and Future of Cancer Immunotherapy 85
2.7Progress of Genetic Research on Common Psychiatric Disorders93
2.8The Status of Glacier Changes on the Tibetan Plateau99
2.9Neutrino Oscillation: A Gateway to New Physics-Commentary on the 2015 Nobel Prize in Physics105
2.10DNA Repair and Genomic Stability-Commentary on the 2015 Novel Prize in Chemistrv 110
2.11The Milestone of AntiParasitic Disease-Commentary on the 2010 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 116
Chapter 3Representative Achievements of Chinese Scientific Research in 2015117
3.1The Algebraic State Space Theory of Logical Systems 123
3.2Discovery of an Ultra-Luminous Quasar with the most MassiveBlack Hole in the Early Universe 127
3.3Theoretical Prediction and Experimental Discovery of Weyl Semimetal and Weyl Fermion 131
3.4Experimental Studies of Two-Proton Emission from Proton-RichNuclei Mg and AI136
3.5Discovery of Full Flux-closures in Ferroelectrics141
3.6Quantum Teleportation of Multiple Degrees of Freedom of a SinglePhoton146
3.7Discovcry of Quantum Griffiths Singularity in Two-Dimcnsional Superconductors150
3.8Progrcss in Undcrstanding the Biological Functions of Small-MolcculcThiols: Their Metabolic Coupling Programs the Biosynthesis ofLincomycin A154
3.9Solve for Clean Energy: Mimic the Catalytic Center for WaterSplittingRcaction in Photosynthcsis158
3.10Assembling Molecular Sierpinski Triangle Fractals 161
3.11Endoperoxide Formation by an aKetoglutarate Dependent Mononuclear Non-Haem Iron Enzyme 166
3.12Revealing the Key Mechanism for Inflammatory Cell Death169
3.13 Structural Insights into the Activation Mechanism of NAIPNLRC4 Inflammasome 173
3.14Structural and Mechanistic Basis of PAMDependent Spacer Acquisition in CRISPR-Cas Systems176
3.15A Competition-Based Mechanism for Neural Circuit Refinement :Cadherin/Catenin Complex Mediates Coordinated Spine Pruning and Maturation180
3.16 3D Genomics and Precision Medicine 185
3.17Intestinal Homeostasis and Health 188
3.18K33-Linkcd Polyubiquitination of 2ap70 by Nrdpl Controls CD8T Cell Activation191
3.19New Action Mode of Plant Gaseous Hormone Ethylene 195
3.20Pacific Western Boundary Currents and Their Roles in Climate 200
3.21 The Core Within the Earth's Inner Core 203
3.220cean-Driven Thinning Enhances Iceberg Calving and Retreat of Antarctic Ice Shelves 208
3.23Global Pattern for the Effect of Climate and Land Cover on WaterYield211
3.24A Significant Carbon Sinks in China's Forests in the near Future 214
Chapter 4Observations on Development of Science and Technology215
4.1Development Scan of Basic Sciences and Frontiers 230
4.2Dcvclopmcnt Scan of Public Hcalth Scicncc and Tcchnology242
4.3Progress in Biological Science 251
4.4Progress in Agricultural Science and Technology262
4.5Development Scan of Environment Science 271
4.6Development Scan of Earth Science 282
4.7Progress in Space Science293
4.8 Progress in Information Science and Technology 302
4.9Development Scan of Energy Science and Technology315
4.10Progress in Advanced Materials and Manufacturing 326
4.11 Progress in Major Research Infrastructure Science andTechnology 336
Chapter 5A Brief of Science Development in China337
5.1 Annual Rcvicw of the Dcpartmcnt of Basic Rcscarch of Ministry of Science and Technology in 2015 345
5.2Projccts Grantcd by National Natural Scicncc Fund in 2015 352
5.3The Evaluation of Academic Production in China -Based on WoS Database (201020lil)371
Chapter 6Suggestions on Science Development in China373
6.1 Improving Science Assessment System, Promoting Excellence in Scientific Research380
6.2 Suggestion of Establishment of National Bioethics Advisory
6.3 Strengthening Interdisciplinary Research of Information Science and Life Science and Promoting its Convergence and Integrated
6.4 Strategic Policy and Suggestions for Promotion of Lake and Wetland Protection of China 398
Appendix 399
1.2015's Top 10 S&-T Advances in China and World 401
2.List of the Newly Elected CAS and CAE Members in 2015 412
3.Overview of Xiangshan Science Conference Academic Meetings in 2015 418
4.List of Fora on Frontiers of Science& Technology by Academic Divisions of CAS in 2015 421