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液壓與氣動(dòng)系統(tǒng)安裝與調(diào)試
本本書定位于高等職業(yè)院校機(jī)電、機(jī)械類專業(yè)基礎(chǔ)教材,教材突出現(xiàn)場(chǎng)實(shí)用性,引入現(xiàn)代企業(yè)實(shí)用技術(shù)。全書內(nèi)容共分為八個(gè)學(xué)習(xí)項(xiàng)目,分別為液壓與氣動(dòng)技術(shù)基礎(chǔ)、工作介質(zhì)―液壓油、液壓泵站、液壓缸/液壓馬達(dá)的拆裝與選用、液壓閥組的拆裝與元件選用、液壓回路安裝與調(diào)試、液壓系統(tǒng)安裝調(diào)試與故障分析、氣動(dòng)回路安裝與調(diào)試。
趙秀華,山東大學(xué)機(jī)械制造及自動(dòng)化專業(yè)研究生畢業(yè),現(xiàn)任山東職業(yè)學(xué)院機(jī)電系專業(yè)教師,曾在山東金塔集團(tuán)作技術(shù)員,具有豐富的企業(yè)實(shí)踐和教學(xué)經(jīng)驗(yàn)。
項(xiàng)目 1 液壓與氣壓傳動(dòng)技術(shù)基礎(chǔ) (Item1 Fundamentals of Hydraulic and Pneumatic Transmission Technology) 1
任務(wù) 1.1 認(rèn)識(shí)液壓與氣壓傳動(dòng)的特點(diǎn)及應(yīng)用(Task1.1 Cognitive the Characteristics and Application of Hydraulic and Pneumatic Transmission) 1 1.1.1 液壓與氣壓傳動(dòng)的定義(Definition of Hydraulic and Pneumatic Transmission) 2 1.1.2 液壓與氣壓傳動(dòng)發(fā)展(Development of Hydraulic and Pneumatic Transmission) 2 1.1.3 液壓與氣壓傳動(dòng)的優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)(Advantages and Disadvantages of Hydraulic and Pneumatic Transmission) 4 1.1.4 液壓與氣壓傳動(dòng)的應(yīng)用(Application of Hydraulic and Pneumatic Transmission) 5 任務(wù) 1.2 液壓千斤頂、平面磨床工作臺(tái)液壓系統(tǒng)工作過(guò)程分析(Task1.2 Working Process Analysis of Hydraulic Jack and Surface Grinder Table Hydraulic System) 7 1.2.1 液壓千斤頂液壓系統(tǒng)工作過(guò)程分析(Working Process Analysis of Hydraulic Jack System) 8 1.2.2 平面磨床工作臺(tái)液壓系統(tǒng)工作過(guò)程分析(Working Process Analysis of Surface Grinder Table Hydraulic System) 10 1.2.3 液壓與氣壓傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)的組成和表示方法(Composition and Representation of Hydraulic and Pneumatic Transmission System) 11 項(xiàng)目 2 液壓油及其流動(dòng)特性分析 (Item2 Analysis of Hydraulic Oil and Its Flow Characteristics) 15 任務(wù) 2.1 液壓油的辨識(shí)與選用(Task2.1 Identification and Selection of Hydraulic Oil) 15 2.1.1 液壓油的種類(Types of Hydraulic Oils) 16 2.1.2 液壓油的辨識(shí)(Identification of Hydraulic Oil) 17 2.1.3 影響液壓油黏度的因素(Factors Affecting Viscosity of Hydraulic Fluid) 20 2.1.4 液壓油的選擇(Selection of Hydraulic Oils) 21 任務(wù) 2.2 壓力形成分析(Task2.2 Pressure Formation Analysis) 24 2.2.1 壓力形成(Pressure Formation) 25 2.2.2 靜壓力及其特性(Static Pressure and Its Characteristics) 26 2.2.3 壓力表示方法(Representation of Pressure) 26 2.2.4 帕斯卡定理(Pascal’s Law) 27 任務(wù) 2.3 分析液體的流動(dòng)狀態(tài)與能量形式(Task2.3 Analysis of Flowing State and Energy Form of Liquid) 29 2.3.1 流動(dòng)的產(chǎn)生(Formation of Flowing) 30 2.3.2 流量和流速(Quantity and Velocity of Flow) 30 2.3.3 液體的流動(dòng)狀態(tài)(The Flowing State of a Liquid) 32 2.3.4 連續(xù)性方程(Continuity Equation) 33 2.3.5 伯努利方程(Bernoulli Equation) 34 2.3.6 管道內(nèi)的壓力損失(Pressure Loss In Pipe) 35 2.3.7 熱交換器(Heat Exchanger) 37 任務(wù) 2.4 液壓油的污染和控制(Task2.4 Hydraulic Oil Contamination and Control) 40 2.4.1 工作介質(zhì)污染原因(Reasons for the Pollution of the Working Medium) 41 2.4.2 工作介質(zhì)污染的危害(Hazards of Working Medium Pollution) 42 2.4.3 工作介質(zhì)污染控制(Work Medium Pollution Control) 42 2.4.4 濾油器的選用(Selection of Oil Filters) 44 2.4.5 空氣濾清器的選用(Selection of Air Filter) 49 任務(wù) 2.5 分析液壓沖擊和氣穴現(xiàn)象(Task2.5 Analysis of Hydraulic Shock and Cavitation) 52 2.5.1 分析液壓沖擊現(xiàn)象(Analysis of Hydraulic Shock) 53 2.5.2 分析氣穴現(xiàn)象(Analysis of Cavitation) 54 2.5.3 利用蓄能器吸收液壓沖擊(Using Accumulator to Absorb Hydraulic Shock) 56 項(xiàng)目 3 液壓泵工作特性分析與選用 (Item3 Working Characteristics Analysis and Selection of Hydraulic Pump) 64 任務(wù) 3.1 液壓泵工作原理和性能參數(shù)(Task3.1 Working Principle and Performance Parameters of Hydraulic Pump) 64 3.1.1 液壓泵的工作原理和分類(The Working Principle and Classification of Hydraulic Pump) 65 3.1.2 液壓泵的性能參數(shù)(Performance Parameters of Hydraulic Pumps) 67 任務(wù) 3.2 齒輪泵工作特性分析(Performance Characteristic Analysis of Gear Pump) 70 3.2.1 外嚙合齒輪泵工作特性分析(Performance Characteristic Analysis of External Gear Pump) 71 3.2.2 內(nèi)嚙合齒輪泵工作特性分析(Performance Characteristic Analysis of Internal Gear Pump) 74 3.2.3 齒輪泵優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)(Advantages and Disadvantages of Gear Pumps) 75 任務(wù) 3.3 葉片泵工作特性分析(Task3.3 Performance Characteristic Analysis of Vane Pump) 77 3.3.1 單作用葉片泵工作特性分析(Performance Characteristic Analysis of Single-acting Vane Pump) 78 3.3.2 雙作用葉片泵工作特性分析(Performance Characteristic Analysis of Double-acting Vane Pump) 79 3.3.3 限壓式變量葉片泵工作特性分析(Performance Characteristic Analysis of Limited Pressure Variable Vane Pump) 80 3.3.4 葉片泵的優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)(Advantages and Disadvantages of Vane Pump) 81 任務(wù) 3.4 柱塞泵工作特性分析(Task3.4 Performance Characteristic Analysis of Ram Pump) 82 3.4.1 軸向柱塞泵工作特性分析(Performance Characteristic Analysis of Axial Piston Pump) 83 3.4.2 徑向柱塞泵工作特性分析(Performance Characteristic Analysis of Radial Piston Pump) 85 3.4.3 柱塞泵優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)(Advantages and Disadvantages of Piston Pump) 86 項(xiàng)目 4 液壓缸/液壓馬達(dá)的工作特性分析與選用(Item4 Working Characteristic Analysis and selection of Hydraulic Cylinder / Hydraulic Motor) 89 任務(wù) 4.1 液壓缸工作特性分析(Task4.1 Working Characteristic Analysis of Hydraulic Cylinder) 89 4.1.1 液壓缸的分類(Classification of Hydraulic Cylinders) 91 4.1.2 液壓缸的工作特點(diǎn)(Working Characteristics of Hydraulic Cylinder) 93 任務(wù) 4.2 液壓缸典型結(jié)構(gòu)分析(Task4.2 Typical Structure Analysis of Hydraulic Cylinder) 103 4.2.1 缸體組件結(jié)構(gòu)分析(Structure Analysis of Cylinder Block Assembly) 104 4.2.2 活塞組件結(jié)構(gòu)分析(Structure Analysis of Piston Assembly) 105 4.2.3 密封與防塵裝置結(jié)構(gòu)分析(Structure Analysis of Sealing and Dust-proof Device) 106 4.2.4 緩沖裝置結(jié)構(gòu)分析(Structure Analysis of Buffer) 106 4.2.5 排氣裝置結(jié)構(gòu)分析(Structure Analysis of Exhausted Apparatus) 107 任務(wù) 4.3 液壓馬達(dá)的選用(Task4.3 Selection of Hydraulic Motors) 109 4.3.1 液壓泵和液壓馬達(dá)的區(qū)別(The Difference between Hydraulic Pump and Hydraulic Motor) 111 4.3.2 液壓馬達(dá)的分類及圖形符號(hào)(Classification and Graphical Symbols for Hydraulic Motors) 111 4.3.3 液壓馬達(dá)的工作原理(Working Principle of Hydraulic Motor) 112 4.3.4 液壓馬達(dá)的性能參數(shù)(Performance Parameters of Hydraulic Motors) 114 4.3.5 液壓馬達(dá)的調(diào)速(Speed Regulation of Hydraulic Motor) 115 項(xiàng)目 5 方向控制閥及方向控制回路 (Item5 Direction Control Valve and Direction Control Circuit) 120 任務(wù) 5.1 換向閥原理分析及換向回路、卸荷回路安裝與調(diào)試(Task5.1 Principle Analysis of Reversing Valve,Installation and Debugging of Reversing Circuit and Unloading Circuit) 121 5.1.1 換向閥原理分析(Principle Analysis of Reversing Valve) 122 5.1.2 換向回路安裝與調(diào)試(Installation and Debugging of Reversing Circuit) 130 5.1.3 三位換向閥的中位機(jī)能及卸荷回路(Median Function of Three Position Reversing Valve and Relief Circuit) 130 任務(wù) 5.2 單向閥原理分析及鎖緊回路、保壓回路安裝與調(diào)試(Task5.2 The Principle Analysis of Non-return Valve,Installation and Debugging of Locking Circuit and Pressure Circuit) 135 5.2.1 普通單向閥原理分析(Principle Analysis of Nonreturn Valve) 136 5.2.2 液控單向閥原理分析(Principle Analysis of Hydraulic Control Nonreturn Valve) 138 5.2.3 保壓回路安裝與調(diào)試(Installation and Debugging of Pressure Maintaining Circuit) 139 5.2.4 鎖緊回路安裝與調(diào)試(Installation and Debugging of Locking Circuit) 141 項(xiàng)目 6 壓力控制閥及壓力控制回路 (Item6 Pressure Control Valve and Pressure Control Circuit) 146 任務(wù) 6.1 溢流閥原理分析及調(diào)壓回路安裝與調(diào)試 (Task6.1 The Principle Analysis of Overflow Valve and Pressure Regulating Circuit Installation and Debugging) 146 6.1.1 直動(dòng)式溢流閥原理分析(Principle Analysis of Direct Overflow Valve) 148 6.1.2 先導(dǎo)式溢流閥原理分析(Principle Analysis of Pilot Operated overflow Valve) 149 6.1.3 溢流閥的特點(diǎn)(Characteristics of Overflow Valve) 150 6.1.4 溢流閥的應(yīng)用(Application of Overflow Valve) 150 6.1.5 調(diào)壓回路安裝與調(diào)試(Installation and Debugging of Pressure Regulating Circuit) 151 6.1.6 采用先導(dǎo)式溢流閥的卸荷回路(Relief Circuit Using Pilot Operated Overflow Valve) 154 6.1.7 溢流閥的靜態(tài)特性(Static Characteristics of Overflow Valve) 154 任務(wù) 6.2 順序閥原理分析及順序動(dòng)作回路、平衡回路安裝與調(diào)試(Task6.2 Sequence Valve Principle Analysis and Sequence Action Circuit,Balance Circuit Installation and Debugging) 159 6.2.1 順序閥原理分析(Sequential Valve Principle Analysis) 160 6.2.2 順序閥圖形符號(hào)(Graphical Symbols of Sequential Valves) 161 6.2.3 順序閥特點(diǎn)(Characteristics of Sequential Valves) 161 6.2.4 順序閥的應(yīng)用(Application of Sequence Valve) 161 6.2.5 順序動(dòng)作回路安裝與調(diào)試(Installation and Debugging of Sequence Action Circuit) 161 6.2.6 平衡回路安裝與調(diào)試(Installation and Debugging of Balance Circuit) 165 任務(wù) 6.3 減壓閥原理分析及減壓回路安裝與調(diào)試(Task6.3 Principle Analysis of Decompress Valve and Installation and Debugging of Decompress Circuit) 169 6.3.1 減壓閥原理分析(Principle Analysis of Decompress Valve) 171 6.3.2 減壓閥特點(diǎn)(Characteristics of Decompress Valve) 172 6.3.3 溢流閥、減壓閥、順序閥比較(Comparison of Relief Valve,Decompress Valve,and Sequence Valve) 172 6.3.4 減壓回路安裝與調(diào)試(Installation and Debugging of Decompress Circuit) 173 任務(wù) 6.4 壓力繼電器原理分析及應(yīng)用(Task6.4 Principle Analysis and Application of Pressure Relay) 178 6.4.1 壓力繼電器原理分析(Principle Analysis of Pressure Relay) 178 6.4.2 壓力繼電器的工作性能(Working Performance of Pressure Relay) 179 6.4.3 壓力繼電器的應(yīng)用(Application of Pressure Relay) 180 項(xiàng)目 7 流量控制閥及速度控制回路 (Item7 Flow Control Valve and Speed Control Circuit) 183 任務(wù) 7.1 節(jié)流閥、調(diào)速閥原理分析及節(jié)流調(diào)速回路安裝與調(diào)試(Task7.1 Principle Analysis of Throttle valve and Governor Valve,Installation and Debugging of Throttle Governing Circuit) 183 7.1.1 節(jié)流閥原理分析(Principle Analysis of Throttle Valve) 184 7.1.2 節(jié)流調(diào)速回路(Throttle Governing Circuit) 187 7.1.3 調(diào)速閥原理分析(Principle Analysis of Governor Valve) 190 7.1.4 容積節(jié)流調(diào)速回路(Volume and Throttling Governing Circuit) 192 任務(wù) 7.2 快速運(yùn)動(dòng)回路安裝與調(diào)試(Task7.2 Installation and debugging of Fast movement circuit) 194 7.2.1 差動(dòng)連接的快速運(yùn)動(dòng)回路(Fast Motion Loop with Differential Connection) 195 7.2.2 雙泵供油的快速運(yùn)動(dòng)回路(Fast Motion Loop of Double Pumps) 196 7.2.3 采用蓄能器的快速運(yùn)動(dòng)回路(Fast Motion Loop Using Accumulator) 197 任務(wù) 7.3 速度換接回路安裝與調(diào)試(Task7.3 Installation and Debugging of Speed Transition Circuit) 199 7.3.1 快進(jìn)-工進(jìn)速度換接回路(Fast and Work Feeding Speed Transition Circuit) 199 7.3.2 二次進(jìn)給回路(Secondary Feed Circuit) 200 項(xiàng)目 8 液壓泵站安裝與調(diào)試 (Item8 Installation and Debugging of Hydraulic Power Unit) 206 任務(wù) 8.1 液壓泵站的安裝與調(diào)試(Task8.1Installation and Debugging of Hydraulic Power Unit) 207 8.1.1 液壓泵站的組成及工作原理(The Composition and Working Principle of Hydraulic Power Unit) 207 8.1.2 液壓泵站輔助元件及應(yīng)用(Auxiliary Component of Hydraulic Power Unit and Its Application) 211 8.1.3 液壓泵站的安裝與調(diào)試(Installation and Debugging of Hydraulic Power Unit) 222 任務(wù) 8.2 液壓閥組的安裝與調(diào)試(Task8.2 Installation and Debugging of Hydraulic Valve Group) 226 8.2.1 液壓閥的疊加式連接(Hydraulic Valve Stacking Connection) 227 8.2.2 液壓閥組的設(shè)計(jì)與安裝步驟(The Design and Installation Steps of The Hydraulic Valve Group) 227 8.2.3 液壓閥的選用(Selection of Hydraulic Valve) 229 8.2.4 液壓集成塊的設(shè)計(jì)(Design of Hydraulic Manifold Blocks) 232 8.2.5 液壓疊加閥組的安裝與調(diào)試(Installation and Debugging of Hydraulic Valve Group) 235 8.2.6 插裝閥與伺服閥(Cartridge Valve and Servo Valve) 237 項(xiàng)目 9 液壓系統(tǒng)的調(diào)試與故障分析 (Item9 Debugging and Fault Analysis of Hydraulic System) 248 任務(wù) 9.1 典型液壓系統(tǒng)分析(Task9.1 Analysis of Typical Hydraulic System) 248 9.1.1 YT4543 型動(dòng)力滑臺(tái)液壓系統(tǒng)分析(Hydraulic System Analysis of YT4543 Power Sliding Table) 249 9.1.2 汽車起重機(jī)液壓系統(tǒng)(Hydraulic System of Truck Crane) 252 9.1.3 工業(yè)機(jī)械手液壓系統(tǒng)分析(Analysis of Industrial Manipulator Hydraulic System) 255 任務(wù) 9.2 液壓比例系統(tǒng)安裝與調(diào)試(Task9.2 Installation and Debugging of Hydraulic Proportional System) 262 9.2.1 比例控制技術(shù)(Proportional Control Technology) 262 9.2.2 比例電磁鐵(Proportional Electromagnet) 264 9.2.3 比例方向閥(Proportional Direction Valve) 264 9.2.4 比例壓力閥(Proportional Pressure Valve) 267 9.2.5 比例流量閥(Proportional Flow Valve) 269 9.2.6 位移傳感器(Displacement Sensor) 269 9.2.7 液壓比例綜合控制系統(tǒng)的調(diào)試(Debugging of Hydraulic Proportional Comprehensive Control System) 271 任務(wù) 9.3 液壓系統(tǒng)的故障診斷與排除(Task9.3 Fault Diagnosis and Clearance of Hydraulic System) 282 9.3.1 故障診斷中遵循的原則(Principles to Follow In Fault Diagnosis) 282 9.3.2 液壓系統(tǒng)故障診斷方法(Fault Diagnosis Approach of Hydraulic System) 283 9.3.3 常見液壓系統(tǒng)故障(Common Faults in Hydraulic System) 283 9.3.4 液壓系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)(Hydraulic System Design) 286 項(xiàng)目 10 氣動(dòng)回路的安裝與調(diào)試 (Item10 Installation and Debugging of Pneumatic Circuit) 297 任務(wù) 10.1 氣源裝置及氣動(dòng)輔件的使用(Task10.1 Using of Air Supply Device and Pneumatic Accessory) 298 10.1.1 氣壓發(fā)生裝置(Pressure Generating Device) 299 10.1.2 氣源凈化設(shè)備(Air Cleaning Equipment) 301 10.1.3 氣動(dòng)輔件(Pneumatic Attachments) 305 10.1.4 氣動(dòng)三聯(lián)件的使用(Using of Pneumatic Triple Parts) 305 任務(wù) 10.2 方向控制回路設(shè)計(jì)、安裝與調(diào)試(Task10.2 Design,Installation and Debugging of Direction Control Circuit ) 310 10.2.1 氣動(dòng)執(zhí)行元件的選擇(Selection of Pneumatic Actuator) 311 10.2.2 氣動(dòng)換向閥的選用(Selection of Pneumatic Reversing Valve) 318 10.2.3 方向控制回路安裝與調(diào)試(Installation and Debugging of Direction Control Circuit) 320 任務(wù) 10.3 速度控制回路設(shè)計(jì)、安裝與調(diào)試(Task10.3 Design,Installation and Debugging of Speed Control Circuit ) 323 10.3.1 流量控制閥的選用(Selection of Flow Control Valve) 324 10.3.2 雙作用氣缸調(diào)速回路(Double Acting Cylinder Speed Adjusting Circuit) 325 10.3.3 氣液聯(lián)動(dòng)速度控制回路(Airdraulic Speed Control Circuit) 326 任務(wù) 10.4 壓力控制回路設(shè)計(jì)、安裝與調(diào)試(Task10.4 Design,Installation and Debugging of Pressure Control Circuit) 328 10.4.1 壓力控制閥的選用(Selection of Pressure Control Valve) 329 10.4.2 壓力控制回路安裝與調(diào)試(Installation and Debugging of Pressure Control Circuit) 331 任務(wù) 10.5 氣動(dòng)邏輯回路安裝與調(diào)試(Task10.5 Installation and Debugging of Pneumatic Logic Circuit) 333 10.5.1 梭閥的選取和使用(Selection and Use of Shuttle Valve) 334 10.5.2 雙壓閥的選取和使用(Selection and Use of Dual Pressure Valve) 335 10.5.3 快速排氣閥的選擇和使用(Selection and Use of Quick Exhaust Air Valve) 336 10.5.4 延時(shí)閥的選取和使用(Selection and Use of Phasing Time-delay Valve) 338 參考文獻(xiàn) 343
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