Acknowledgements
Preface to the First Edition
Preface to the Second Edition

1 Introduction
1．1 Semantics and pragmatics
1．2 Kinds of meaning
1．2．1 Denotation and Sense
1．2．2 Lexical and structural meaning
1．2．3 Categorematic and syncategorematic expressions
1．3 Truth-conditional theories of meaning
1．3．1 Denotations
1．3．2 Possible worlds， extension and intension
1．3．3 Truth conditions
1．3．4 Truth-based relations between statements
1．4 Implicature
1．4．1 The Principle of Relevance
1．4．2 The Principle of Informativeness
1．5 Other contextual factors： indexicality and anaphors
1．6 Presupposition
Exercises
Further Reading

2 Basic Logical Tools
2．1 Representations for meanings
2．2 The logical connectives
2．2．1 Conjunction
2．2．2 Negation
2．2．3 Disjunction
2．2．4 The material implication connective
2．2．5 The biconditional connective
2．3 Predicates and arguments
2．3．1 Predicates， verbs and the number of arguments
2．3．2 Sentences as arguments
2．3．3 Path arguments
Exercises
Further Reading

3 The Logical Quantifiers
3．1 The universal quantifier
3．2 The existential quantifier
3．3 Intersective and non-intersective adjectives
3．4 The logical quantifiers are interdefinable
3．5 Scope and scopal ambiguity
3．5．1 Scope and tree diagrams
3．5．2 Scopal ambiguity
Exercises
Further Reading

4 Formal Composition
4．1 Types
4．2 Functions
4．3 Types of function
4．4 Lambda abstraction
4．5 Some general rules for semantic composition
4．6 Predicate variables
Summary of rules and definitions
Exercises
Further Reading

5 Modality and Possible Worlds
5．1 Kinds of modality
5．1．1 Logical modality
5．1．2 Epistemic modality
5．1．3 Deontic modality
5．2 Modality and possible worlds
5．2．1 Logical modality and possible worlds
5．2．2 Epistemic modality and possible worlds
5．2．3 Deontic modality and possible worlds
5．2．4 Interdefinability with negation
5．3 Counterfactuals
Exercises
Further Reading

6 Generalized Quantifiers
6．1 Quantification beyond first order logic
6．2 Generalized Quantifier Theory
6．3 Different types of quantifier determiner
6．3．1 Group 1 and Group 2 determiners
6．3．2 The ambiguity of few and many
6．3．3 Few and a few
6．3．4 Some and several
6．4 Restricted quantifier notation
6．5 Scopal ambiguity
6．6 Proportional determiners and discourse familiarity
6．7 Strong and weak determiners and there BE sentences
6．7．1 The definiteness effect
6．7．2 Types of there BEsentence
6．8 Determiner the and definite descriptions
6．8．1 Russell's Theory of Descriptions
6．8．2 The as a generalized quantifier
6．8．3 Definite descriptions as strong NPs
Familiarity effects
Definite descriptions in there BE contexts
Definite descriptions and scopal ambiguity
6．9 Quantifiers and negative polarity items
6．10 Generalized quantifiers as lambda functions
Exercises
Further Reading

7 Referential Opacity
7．1 Quine's referential opacity
7．2 Modality， descriptions and names
7．2．1 Modality and names
7．2．2 Modality and descriptions
7．3 Propositional attitudes and descriptions
7．4 Summary： descriptions and scope
7．5 Propositional attitudes and names
7．6 De re and de dicto readings with other quantifiers
7．7 Indefinite descriptions and specificity
Exercises
Further Reading

8 Aktionsarten： Aspectual Classes of Events
8．1 Vendler's four aspectual classes
8．2 Diagnostic tests for aktionsarten
8．2．1 In adverbials
8．2．2 The take time construction
8．2．3 For adverbials
8．2．4 The sub-interval property
8．2．5 Entailments of the progressive
8．2．6 Duration and the progressive
8．3 Telicity and boundedness
8．4 Semelfactive predicates
8．5 Aktionsarten and agentivity
8．6 Nominal and verbal aspect
8．7 Closing comment
Exercises
Further Reading

9 Tense and Aspect
9．1 Introduction
9．2 The English verb group
9．3 Interpretations of present， past， progressive and perfect
9．3．1 Interpretations of the present tense
9．3．2 Interpretations of the past tense
9．3．3 Other forms for future and habitual
9．3．4 Interpretations of the progressive
9．3．5 Interpretations of the present perfect
Present time adverbials
Current result states
'Hot news' perfect
Continuing state
9．4 Tense as an operator
9．5 Tense and reference to times
9．6 Reichenbach's analysis of tense
9．7 Reference to times in a narrative
9．7．1 Reference time movement
9．7．2 State/progressive includes reference time：reference time includes bounded event
9．7．3 Is r the same as Reichenbach's R?
9．7．4 General principles for temporal interpretation in narrative
9．7．5 Adding tense
9．8 Closing comment
Exercises
Further Reading

10 Thematic Roles and Lexical Conceptual Structure
10．1 Introduction
10．2 Traditional thematic roles
10．2．1 Agent/Actor and Patient
10．2．2 Localist roles
10．2．3 Recipient and benefactive
10．2．4 Experiencer and stimulus
10．2．5 Do adjuncts have thematic roles?
10．2．6 Themes and Patients
10．2．7 Summary
10．3 More detailed analysis of thematic roles
10．4 Lexical conceptual structure and thematic roles
10．4．1 The action tier
10．4．2 Theme， goal and location
10．4．3 Experiencer and stimulus
10．4．4 Motion event roles
10．4．5 Recipient find benefactive
10．4．6 Summary oftheta roles in LCS
10．5 Verb classes and LCS
10．6 Closing comment
Summary of LCS symbols and definitions with selected examples
Exercises
Further Reading

11 Events
11．1 Davidson's analysis of action sentences
11．2 Neodavidsonian developments
11．2．1 Separation of direct arguments
11．2．2 Relations to events
11．2．3 The adicity of verbal predicates
11．3 Events and perception verbs
11．4 Adding tense and NP quantifiers
Exercises
Further Reading

Bibliography
Index