Preface xxii Changes to the 13th Edition xxiii Acknowledgments xxv
Chapter 1 Driving Blindfolded 1 Beliefs and Claims 4 Issues 7 Arguments 8 Cognitive Biases 15 Truth and Knowledge 21 What Critical Thinking Can and Cant Do 22 A Word About the Exercises 22 Recap 22 Additional Exercises 24 Answers and Tips 33
Chapter 2 Two Kinds of Reasoning 35 Arguments: General Features 35 Two Kinds of Arguments 37 Beyond a Reasonable Doubt 40 Two Kinds of Deductive Arguments 40 Four Kinds of Inductive Arguments 41 Telling the Difference Between Deductive and Inductive Arguments 43 Deduction, Induction, and Unstated Premises 44 Balance of Considerations 46 Not Premises, Conclusions, or Arguments 47 Ethos, Pathos, and Logos 48 Techniques for Understanding Arguments 54 Evaluating Arguments 57 Recap 58 Additional Exercises 59 Answers and Tips 70
Chapter 4 Credibility 103 The Believability of Claims 104 The Credibility of Sources 112 The News 118 Advertising 126 Recap 130 Additional Exercises 131 Answers and Tips 140
Chapter 5 Rhetoric, the Art of Persuasion 142 Rhetorical Force 143 Rhetorical Devices I 144 Rhetorical Devices II 147 Rhetorical Devices III 151 Rhetorical Devices IV 152 Proof Surrogates and Repetition 158 Persuasion Through Visual Imagery 161 The Extreme Rhetoric of Demagoguery 163 Recap 166 Additional Exercises 167 Answers and Tips 184
Chapter 6 Relevance (Red Herring) Fallacies 186 Argumentum Ad Hominem 187 Straw Man 189 False Dilemma (Ignoring Other Alternatives) 190 Misplacing the Burden of Proof 192 Begging the Question (Assuming What You Are Trying to Prove) 194 Appeal to Emotion 195 Irrelevant Conclusion 198 Recap 200 Exercises 201 Answers and Tips 207
Chapter 7 Induction Fallacies 208 Generalizations 208 Weak Analogy 213 Mistaken Appeal to Authority 214 Mistaken Appeal to Popularity (Mistaken Appeal to Common Belief) 215 Fallacies Related to Cause and Effect 217 Slippery Slope 224 Untestable Explanation 224 Line-Drawing Again 225 Recap 225 Exercises 226 Answers and Tips 234
Chapter 8 Formal Fallacies and Fallacies of Language 235 Three Formal Fallacies: Affirming the Consequent, Denying the Antecedent, and Undistributed Middle 235 The Fallacies of Equivocation and Amphiboly 239 The Fallacies of Composition and Division 241 Confusing Explanations with Excuses 242 Confusing Contraries and Contradictories 244 Consistency and Inconsistency 246 Miscalculating Probabilities 246 Recap 251 Additional Exercises 252 Answers and Tips 259
Chapter 9 Deductive Arguments I: Categorical Logic 260 Categorical Claims 262 Translation into Standard Form (Introduction) 264 The Square of Opposition 271 Three Categorical Relations 272 Categorical Syllogisms 281 Recap 294 Additional Exercises 294 Answers and Tips 304
Chapter 11 Inductive Reasoning 368 Argument from Analogy 368 Generalizing from a Sample 377 Scientific Generalizing from a Sample 379 De-generalizing (Reverse Generalizing; the Statistical Syllogism) 381 Causal Statements and Their Support 388 Calculating Statistical Probabilities 407 Causation in the Law 412 Recap 413 Additional Exercises 414 Answers and Tips 421
Chapter 12 Moral, Legal, and Aesthetic Reasoning 425 Value Judgments 426 Major Perspectives in Moral Reasoning 432 Moral Deliberation 439 Legal Reasoning 444 Aesthetic Reasoning 448 Recap 454 Additional Exercises 455 Answers and Tips 458
Appendix: Selected Exercises from Previous Editions 460 Glossary 483 Index 492
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