目 錄
第1 章 緒論 ·················································································································.1
1.1 機械設計的有關概念 ······························································································.1
1.2 本課程研究的內容、性質和任務 ···············································································.4
1.2.1 本課程研究的內容 ························································································.4
1.2.2 本課程的性質 ······························································································.4
1.2.3 本課程的任務 ······························································································.4
1.3 機械設計的基本要求和機械零件的設計準則 ································································.4
1.3.1 機械設計的基本要求 ·····················································································.4
1.3.2 機械零件的設計準則 ·····················································································.5
1.3.3 機械零件的結構工藝性 ··················································································.8
1.4 機械設計的一般程序 ······························································································.8
1.5 機械零件常用材料及熱處理 ·····················································································.9
1.5.1 金屬材料 ····································································································.9
1.5.2 非金屬材料 ································································································.11
1.5.3 鋼件的熱處理 ·····························································································.11
1.6 金屬材料加工方法及其精度和表面粗糙度 ··································································.13
1.6.1 常用機床及其使用 ·······················································································.13
1.6.2 機械加工方法能夠達到的尺寸精度和表面粗糙度 ················································.13
1.7 機械零件設計的標準化 ··························································································.14
1.8 機械設備中的潤滑油及潤滑簡介 ··············································································.15
1.8.1 潤滑油的命名方法 ·······················································································.15
1.8.2 潤滑油的主要規(guī)格指標 ·················································································.16
1.8.3 潤滑脂的構成及指標 ····················································································.16
1.8.4 添加劑 ······································································································.17
1.8.5 齒輪傳動中的潤滑 ·······················································································.18
思考題 ·····················································································································.18
第2 章 平面機構的結構分析 ························································································.19
2.1 平面機構的組成 ···································································································.20
2.2 平面機構運動簡圖 ································································································.21
2.2.1 構件的分類 ································································································.21
2.2.2 運動副及構件的表示方法 ··············································································.22
2.2.3 平面機構運動簡圖的繪制 ··············································································.23
VI
機械設計基礎（第2版）
2.3 平面機構的自由度 ································································································.25
2.3.1 平面機構自由度的計算公式 ···········································································.25
2.3.2 機構具有確定運動的條件 ··············································································.25
2.3.3 計算平面機構自由度時的注意事項 ··································································.26
2.4 構件和運動副的結構 ·····························································································.29
2.4.1 構件的結構 ································································································.29
2.4.2 轉動副的結構 ·····························································································.30
2.4.3 移動副的結構 ·····························································································.31
思考題 ·····················································································································.33
習題 ························································································································.33
第3 章 平面連桿機構 ··································································································.35
3.1 平面四桿機構的基本形式及其演化 ···········································································.36
3.1.1 平面四桿機構的基本形式 ··············································································.36
3.1.2 鉸鏈四桿機構的演化 ····················································································.40
3.2 鉸鏈四桿機構曲柄存在的條件 ·················································································.44
3.3 四桿機構的傳動特性 ·····························································································.45
3.3.1 急回運動特性 ·····························································································.45
3.3.2 壓力角與傳動角 ··························································································.47
3.3.3 機構的死點位置 ··························································································.47
3.4 平面四桿機構的設計 ·····························································································.49
3.4.1 平面四桿機構設計的基本問題 ········································································.49
3.4.2 按連桿的給定位置設計鉸鏈四桿機構 ·······························································.49
3.4.3 按給定兩個連架桿對應位置設計平面四桿機構 ···················································.50
3.4.4 按給定的行程速度變化系數K 設計平面四桿機構 ···············································.52
3.4.5 按預定的軌跡設計——利用連桿曲線圖譜設計平面四桿機構 ·································.54
3.5 連桿機構的工程應用案例 ·······················································································.55
思考題 ·····················································································································.57
習題 ························································································································.58
第4 章 凸輪機構與間歇運動機構 ·················································································.60
4.1 凸輪機構的類型和應用 ··························································································.61
4.2 從動件的常用運動規(guī)律 ··························································································.63
4.3 凸輪機構的傳力性能分析 ·······················································································.66
4.3.1 壓力角與作用力的關系 ·················································································.67
4.3.2 壓力角與凸輪機構尺寸的關系 ········································································.67
4.4 平面凸輪輪廓曲線設計 ··························································································.68
4.4.1 圖解法設計直動從動件盤形凸輪輪廓曲線 ·························································.69
4.4.2 圖解法設計擺動從動件盤形凸輪輪廓曲線 ·························································.72
4.4.3 解析法設計凸輪輪廓曲線 ··············································································.73
4.5 凸輪與從動件端部的結構設計 ·················································································.73
4.6 間歇運動機構 ······································································································.75
4.6.1 棘輪機構 ···································································································.75
4.6.2 槽輪機構 ···································································································.77
4.6.3 不完全齒輪機構 ··························································································.78
4.6.4 凸輪間歇運動機構 ·······················································································.78
4.7 凸輪機構工程應用示例 ··························································································.79
思考題 ·····················································································································.80
習題 ························································································································.80
第5 章 齒輪機構和齒輪傳動 ························································································.82
5.1 齒輪機構的特點和分類 ··························································································.83
5.1.1 齒輪機構的特點 ··························································································.83
5.1.2 齒輪機構的分類 ··························································································.83
5.2 齒廓嚙合基本定律與齒輪的齒廓曲線 ········································································.84
5.2.1 齒廓實現(xiàn)定角速比傳動的條件 ········································································.84
5.2.2 漸開線齒廓 ································································································.85
5.3 漸開線直齒圓柱齒輪的基本參數 ··············································································.87
5.3.1 漸開線標準直齒圓柱齒輪的各部分名稱 ····························································.87
5.3.2 漸開線齒輪的基本參數 ·················································································.88
5.3.3 漸開線標準直齒圓柱齒輪的幾何尺寸計算 ·························································.89
5.4 漸開線直齒圓柱齒輪的嚙合傳動 ··············································································.89
5.4.1 齒輪傳動的正確嚙合條件 ··············································································.89
5.4.2 標準齒輪傳動的正確安裝條件 ········································································.90
5.4.3 連續(xù)傳動條件 ·····························································································.91
5.5 漸開線齒輪的加工方法 ··························································································.91
5.5.1 仿形法 ······································································································.92
5.5.2 范成法（展成法） ·······················································································.92
5.6 根切、最少齒數及變位齒輪 ····················································································.93
5.6.1 根切與最少齒數 ··························································································.93
5.6.2 變位齒輪 ···································································································.94
5.7 齒輪的失效形式和設計準則 ····················································································.96
5.7.1 輪齒的失效形式 ··························································································.96
5.7.2 設計準則 ···································································································.98
5.8 齒輪材料和精度等級 ·····························································································.99
5.8.1 齒輪材料 ···································································································.99
5.8.2 齒輪的精度等級 ························································································.101
5.9 直齒圓柱齒輪傳動的設計計算 ···············································································.102
5.9.1 輪齒上的作用力 ························································································.102
5.9.2 計算載荷 ·································································································.103
5.9.3 標準直齒圓柱齒輪的齒根彎曲疲勞強度計算 ····················································.104
5.9.4 標準直齒圓柱齒輪的齒面接觸疲勞強度設計計算 ··············································.106
5.9.5 圓柱齒輪的參數對齒輪傳動的影響 ································································.108
5.10 斜齒圓柱齒輪傳動 ····························································································.111
5.10.1 斜齒圓柱齒輪齒廓的形成和特點 ·································································.111
5.10.2 斜齒圓柱齒輪的主要參數和幾何尺寸 ···························································.112
5.10.3 平行軸斜齒圓柱齒輪傳動的重合度 ······························································.114
5.10.4 平行軸斜齒圓柱齒輪傳動的當量齒輪和當量齒數 ············································.114
5.10.5 平行軸漸開線斜齒圓柱齒輪的受力分析 ························································.115
5.10.6 斜齒圓柱齒輪的強度計算 ··········································································.116
5.11 直齒圓錐齒輪傳動 ····························································································.116
5.12 齒輪的結構設計、潤滑和傳動效率 ·······································································.118
5.12.1 齒輪結構與軸的連接 ················································································.118
5.12.2 齒輪的潤滑 ····························································································.121
5.12.3 齒輪的傳動效率 ······················································································.121
5.13 蝸桿傳動 ········································································································.122
5.13.1 蝸桿傳動的類型、特點和應用 ····································································.122
5.13.2 圓柱蝸桿傳動的主要參數 ··········································································.123
5.13.3 圓柱蝸桿傳動的幾何尺寸計算 ····································································.126
5.13.4 蝸桿和蝸輪的結構 ···················································································.127
5.13.5 圓柱蝸桿傳動設計考慮的主要問題 ······························································.128
5.14 齒輪傳動應用示例 ····························································································.129
思考題 ···················································································································.132
習題 ······················································································································.132
第6 章 輪系 ··············································································································.135
6.1 輪系的分類 ·······································································································.135
6.1.1 定軸輪系 ·································································································.135
6.1.2 周轉輪系 ·································································································.136
6.1.3 復合輪系 ·································································································.137
6.2 定軸輪系及其傳動比 ···························································································.138
6.2.1 輸入軸與輸出軸轉向關系的確定 ···································································.138
6.2.2 定軸輪系的傳動比計算 ···············································································.139
6.2.3 定軸輪系的傳動比計算例題分析 ···································································.140
6.3 周轉輪系及其傳動比 ···························································································.141
6.3.1 周轉輪系傳動比計算的基本思想 ···································································.142
6.3.2 周轉輪系的傳動比計算例題分析 ···································································.143
6.4 復合輪系及其傳動比 ···························································································.145
6.4.1 復合輪系傳動比的計算方法 ·········································································.145
6.4.2 復合輪系的傳動比計算例題分析 ···································································.145
6.5 輪系的應用 ·······································································································.146
6.5.1 實現(xiàn)大傳動比或較遠距離的傳動 ···································································.146
6.5.2 實現(xiàn)變速與換向傳動 ··················································································.147
6.5.3 實現(xiàn)結構緊湊條件下的大功率傳動 ································································.148
6.5.4 實現(xiàn)運動的合成與分解 ···············································································.149
6.5.5 實現(xiàn)多分路傳動 ························································································.149
6.6 幾種特殊的行星輪傳動簡介 ··················································································.150
6.6.1 漸開線少齒差行星輪傳動 ············································································.150
6.6.2 擺線行星輪傳動 ························································································.150
6.6.3 諧波齒輪傳動 ···························································································.151
6.7 輪系的研究現(xiàn)狀及其發(fā)展 ·····················································································.151
6.8 輪系的應用示例 ·································································································.152
習題 ······················································································································.152
第7 章 機械運轉速度波動的調節(jié)與平衡 ····································································.156
7.1 機械運轉速度波動調節(jié)的目的與方法 ······································································.156
7.1.1 周期性速度波動及其調節(jié) ············································································.157
7.1.2 非周期性速度波動及其調節(jié) ·········································································.158
7.2 機械的平衡 ·······································································································.159
7.2.1 機械平衡的目的和分類 ···············································································.159
7.2.2 剛性回轉件的平衡 ·····················································································.160
7.2.3 剛性回轉件的平衡試驗 ···············································································.163
思考題 ···················································································································.165
習題 ······················································································································.166
第8 章 零件的連接 ····································································································.167
8.1 概述 ················································································································.168
8.1.1 螺紋的形成原理 ························································································.169
8.1.2 螺紋的類型 ······························································································.169
8.1.3 螺紋的參數 ······························································································.170
8.1.4 常用螺紋的特點及應用 ···············································································.171
8.2 螺旋副的受力分析、特性及其應用 ·········································································.172
8.2.1 螺旋副的受力分析 ·····················································································.172
8.2.2 螺旋副特性分析及其應用 ············································································.174
8.3 螺紋連接類型和螺紋連接件 ··················································································.175
8.3.1 螺紋連接的類型 ························································································.175
8.3.2 螺紋連接件的類型 ·····················································································.177
8.4 螺紋連接的預緊和防松 ························································································.178
8.4.1 螺紋連接的預緊 ························································································.178
8.4.2 螺紋連接的防松 ························································································.179
8.5 螺紋連接的強度計算 ···························································································.181
8.5.1 螺栓的失效形式和設計準則 ·········································································.181
8.5.2 松螺栓連接 ······························································································.182
8.5.3 緊螺栓連接 ······························································································.183
8.5.4 螺栓組連接的結構設計簡介 ·········································································.186
8.6 螺紋連接件的材料和許用應力 ···············································································.187
8.6.1 螺紋連接件的材料 ·····················································································.187
8.6.2 螺紋連接件的許用應力 ···············································································.187
8.7 提高螺紋連接強度的措施 ·····················································································.189
8.7.1 降低影響螺栓疲勞強度的應力幅 ···································································.189
8.7.2 改善螺紋牙間的載荷分布 ············································································.190
8.7.3 減小應力集中的影響 ··················································································.191
8.7.4 避免或減小附加應力 ··················································································.191
8.8 鍵連接 ·············································································································.192
8.8.1 平鍵連接 ·································································································.192
8.8.2 半圓鍵連接 ······························································································.194
8.8.3 楔鍵和切向鍵連接 ·····················································································.195
8.8.4 平鍵連接的設計計算 ··················································································.196
8.8.5 花鍵連接 ·································································································.196
8.8.6 銷連接 ····································································································.197
8.9 連接應用示例 ····································································································.199
思考題 ···················································································································.199
習題 ······················································································································.200
第9 章 撓性傳動 ·······································································································.202
9.1 撓性傳動概述 ····································································································.202
9.1.1 對撓性傳動的認識 ·····················································································.202
9.1.2 帶傳動的分類及特點 ··················································································.204
9.1.3 鏈傳動的特點 ···························································································.204
9.2 帶傳動概述 ·······································································································.204
9.3 普通帶傳動的工作性能分析 ··················································································.205
9.3.1 帶傳動中的力分析 ·····················································································.205
9.3.2 傳動帶的應力分析 ·····················································································.208
9.3.3 帶傳動的彈性滑動現(xiàn)象及其影響 ···································································.209
9.4 V 帶傳動機構設計 ······························································································.210
9.4.1 帶傳動中的幾何尺寸關系 ············································································.210
9.4.2 V 帶的構造、規(guī)格及標準 ············································································.211
9.4.3 V 帶輪的材料和結構 ··················································································.212
9.4.4 V 帶傳動機構設計準則與設計公式的推導 ·······················································.215
9.4.5 帶傳動機構設計步驟及參數選擇 ···································································.218
9.5 傳動帶的張緊、安裝與維護 ··················································································.223
9.5.1 傳動帶的張緊 ···························································································.223
9.5.2 傳動帶的安裝與維護 ··················································································.224
9.6 同步齒形帶和高速帶傳動簡介 ···············································································.225
9.6.1 同步齒形帶傳動簡介 ··················································································.225
9.6.2 高速帶傳動簡介 ························································································.225
9.7 鏈傳動 ·············································································································.225
9.7.1 鏈與鏈輪的結構與規(guī)格 ···············································································.226
9.7.2 鏈輪 ·······································································································.227
9.7.3 鏈傳動的運動特性分析與受力分析 ································································.229
9.7.4 滾子鏈傳動機構的設計計算 ·········································································.231
9.7.5 鏈傳動機構的布置、張緊、潤滑和防護 ··························································.236
9.8 撓性傳動的歷史、現(xiàn)狀及發(fā)展趨勢簡介 ···································································.237
9.8.1 帶傳動歷史、現(xiàn)狀及發(fā)展趨勢簡介 ································································.237
9.8.2 鏈傳動歷史、現(xiàn)狀及發(fā)展趨勢簡介 ································································.238
9.9 撓性傳動應用示例 ······························································································.238
思考題 ···················································································································.239
習題 ······················································································································.240
第10 章 軸和聯(lián)軸器 ··································································································.241
10.1 軸概述 ···········································································································.242
10.1.1 軸的功用及類型 ······················································································.242
10.1.2 軸的設計準則和設計步驟 ··········································································.242
10.1.3 軸的材料 ·······························································································.243
10.2 軸的結構設計 ··································································································.243
10.2.1 擬定軸上零件的裝配方案 ··········································································.244
10.2.2 軸上零件的定位和固定 ·············································································.244
10.2.3 各軸段直徑和長度的確定 ··········································································.246
10.2.4 提高軸強度和剛度的措施 ··········································································.247
10.3 軸的計算 ········································································································.248
10.3.1 軸的強度校驗計算 ···················································································.248
10.3.2 軸的剛度校驗計算 ···················································································.250
10.3.3 軸的設計實例 ·························································································.250
10.4 聯(lián)軸器 ···········································································································.255
10.4.1 固定式剛性聯(lián)軸器 ···················································································.256
10.4.2 移動式剛性聯(lián)軸器 ···················································································.256
10.4.3 聯(lián)軸器的選擇 ·························································································.257
思考題 ···················································································································.259
習題 ······················································································································.259
第11 章 軸承 ·············································································································.261
11.1 滾動軸承的基本結構和特點 ················································································.262
11.1.1 滾動軸承的基本結構和特點分析 ·································································.263
11.1.2 滾動軸承的材料 ······················································································.265
11.1.3 滾動軸承的主要類型、性能和特點 ······························································.265
11.1.4 滾動軸承的代號 ······················································································.267
11.1.5 滾動軸承類型的選擇 ················································································.269
11.2 滾動軸承的工作情況 ·························································································.270
11.2.1 滾動軸承的工作情況分析 ··········································································.270
11.2.2 滾動軸承的失效形式 ················································································.271
11.2.3 滾動軸承的設計準則 ················································································.271
11.3 滾動軸承的基本概念及其預期壽命計算 ·································································.271
11.3.1 滾動軸承的基本額定壽命 ··········································································.271
11.3.2 滾動軸承的基本額定動載荷 ·······································································.272
11.3.3 滾動軸承的當量動載荷 ·············································································.272
11.3.4 滾動軸承的預期壽命計算 ··········································································.274
11.3.5 向心推力軸承的受力分析及軸向載荷a F 的計算 ··············································.275
11.3.6 軸承壽命計算綜合例題 ·············································································.278
11.4 滾動軸承的靜載荷計算 ······················································································.280
11.5 滾動軸承的組合設計 ·························································································.281
11.5.1 滾動軸承的結構 ······················································································.281
11.5.2 滾動軸承的軸向固定 ················································································.282
11.5.3 滾動軸承間隙和軸上零件位置的調整 ···························································.283
11.5.4 滾動軸承的配合 ······················································································.284
11.5.5 滾動軸承的潤滑 ······················································································.285
11.5.6 滾動軸承的密封 ······················································································.286
11.6 滑動軸承簡介 ··································································································.287
11.6.1 滑動軸承的結構形式 ················································································.287
11.6.2 滑動軸承的材料 ······················································································.289
11.6.3 滑動軸承潤滑劑的選擇 ·············································································.289
11.6.4 滑動軸承的設計計算簡介 ··········································································.290
11.7 軸承產業(yè)的發(fā)展及新型軸承 ················································································.292
思考題 ···················································································································.292
習題 ······················································································································.292
第12 章 其他零部件 ··································································································.294
12.1 彈簧概述 ········································································································.294
12.1.1 圓柱螺旋壓縮彈簧 ···················································································.295
12.1.2 圓柱螺旋拉伸彈簧 ···················································································.295
12.1.3 彈簧的材料 ····························································································.296
12.2 圓柱螺旋彈簧的設計計算 ···················································································.296
12.2.1 幾何參數計算 ·························································································.296
12.2.2 彈簧的特性曲線 ······················································································.297
12.2.3 圓柱螺旋彈簧受載時的應力及變形 ······························································.297
12.3 彈簧的應用及技術發(fā)展 ······················································································.299
12.3.1 彈簧的應用 ····························································································.299
12.3.2 彈簧的技術發(fā)展 ······················································································.299
12.4 機座和箱體 ·····································································································.300
12.4.1 機座和箱體的一般類型 ·············································································.300
12.4.2 機座和箱體的材料及制法 ··········································································.301
12.4.3 機座和箱體的截面形狀 ·············································································.302
12.4.4 肋板布置 ·······························································································.302
12.4.5 機座和箱體的設計注意事項 ·······································································.303
思考題 ···················································································································.303
第13 章 機械傳動系統(tǒng)設計與實踐 ·············································································.305
13.1 傳動機構中原動機的選擇 ···················································································.305
13.2 常用機械傳動的類型、主要特性及其選擇原則 ························································.306
13.3 機械傳動系統(tǒng)方案的設計、表達和實例 ·································································.308
13.3.1 機械傳動系統(tǒng)方案的設計 ··········································································.308
13.3.2 機械傳動系統(tǒng)方案的表達 ··········································································.310
13.3.3 機械傳動系統(tǒng)方案設計實例 ·······································································.310
13.4 機械傳動系統(tǒng)的運動和動力參數的計算 ·································································.312
13.5 機械傳動系統(tǒng)方案的創(chuàng)新設計 ·············································································.313
13.6 機械傳動系統(tǒng)中的減速器及其發(fā)展趨勢 ·································································.317
13.6.1 減速器 ··································································································.317
13.6.2 齒輪減速電動機 ······················································································.318
13.6.3 減速器的發(fā)展趨勢 ···················································································.319
13.7 裝配圖與零件圖的表達示例 ················································································.320
13.7.1 裝配圖的表達與示例 ················································································.320
13.7.2 零件圖的表達與示例 ················································································.320
思考題與分析題 ·······································································································.321
第14 章 機械設計中的計算機輔助設計及實踐 ···························································.325
14.1 計算機輔助設計簡介 ·························································································.325
14.1.1 計算機輔助設計技術在機械設計中的應用 ·····················································.325
14.1.2 計算機輔助設計技術的發(fā)展趨勢 ·································································.326
14.2 三維CAD 軟件在機械設計中的應用 ·····································································.326
14.3 基于二次開發(fā)的計算機輔助設計 ··········································································.327
14.4 有限元分析法在機械設計中的應用 ·······································································.329
14.4.1 有限元分析法簡介 ···················································································.329
14.4.2 基于ANSYS Workbench 的仿真應用案例 ······················································.329
14.5 機械優(yōu)化設計簡介 ····························································································.330
14.5.1 機械優(yōu)化設計的概念與應用 ·······································································.330
14.5.2 機械優(yōu)化設計的一般過程 ··········································································.331
14.5.3 機械優(yōu)化設計的發(fā)展趨勢 ··········································································.332
參考文獻 ······················································································································.333