目錄
Contents
Chapter 1　General Introduction to International Trade … 1
1.1　Reasons for International Trade ………………………………… 3
1.2　Differences Between International Trade and Domestic Trade … 4
1.3　Forms of International Trade …………………………………… 5
1.4　Cross-border E-commerce ……………………………………… 6
1.4.1　Definition of Cross-border E-commerce ………………… 7
1.4.2　Features of Cross-border E-commerce …………………… 7
1.4.3　Types of Cross-border E-commerce ……………………… 8
1.4.4　Application of E-commerce ……………………………… 8
Chapter 2　Negotiation and Performance of International
　　　　　Trades Contract ………………………………17
2.1　Preparations to Contract ……………………………………… 19
2.1.1　Selecting Target Market ………………………………… 20
2.1.2　Selecting Prospective Customers ……………………… 21
2.1.3　Designing Promoting Schedules ……………………… 22
2.1.4　Employing Qualified Negotiators ……………………… 22
2.2　Negotiations to Contract …………………………………… 23
2.3　Contents and Formation of Contract ………………………… 25
2.3.1　Contents of Contract …………………………………… 26
2.3.2　Formation of Contract ………………………………… 28
2.4　Performance of Contract ……………………………………… 30
Chapter 3　International Trade Terms ……………………37
3.1　A General Introduction to Trade Terms ……………………… 40
3.1.1　Warsaw-Oxford Rules 1932 …………………………… 40
3.1.2　Revised American Foreign Trade Definitions 1941 …… 40
3.1.3　International Rules for the Interpretation of Trade Terms … 40
3.2　Incoterms 2020 ……………………………………………… 41
3.2.1　Scope of Governance …………………………………… 41
3.2.2　Classification of Incoterms 2020 ……………………… 42
3.2.3　Brief Explanation of Incoterms 2020 …………………… 43
3.3　Issues Concerning Incoterms 2020 …………………………… 51
3.3.1　Incorporating the Incoterms Rules and Making the
　　　Place Clear ……………………………………………… 51
3.3.2　Arranging for Carriage with Sellers or Buyers Own Means
　　　of Transport …………………………………………… 51
3.3.3　Importance of Notice …………………………………… 51
3.3.4　Symbolic Delivery and Actual Delivery ………………… 52
3.4　Considerations for Choosing Trade Terms …………………… 52
3.4.1　Advantages and Disadvantages of Incoterms ………… 52
3.4.2　Considerations for Choosing Trade Terms ……………… 53
Chapter 4　Terms of Commodity …………………………61
4.1　Name of Commodity ………………………………………… 62
4.2　Quality of Commodity ……………………………………… 63
4.2.1　Sale by Actual Goods …………………………………… 64
4.2.2　Sale by Sample ………………………………………… 64
4.2.3　Sale by Description …………………………………… 65
4.2.4　Quality Tolerance and Quality Latitude ………………… 67
4.3　Quantity of Commodity ……………………………………… 67
4.3.1　Systems of Measurement ……………………………… 67
4.3.2　Weight Measurement ………………………………… 68
4.3.3　More or Less Clause …………………………………… 69
4.4　Packing of Commodity ……………………………………… 69
4.4.1　Transport Packing ……………………………………… 69
4.4.2　Sales Packing …………………………………………… 71
4.4.3　Neutral Packing ………………………………………… 71
4.4.4　Designated Brand ……………………………………… 71
4.4.5　Packing Clause in Sales Contract ……………………… 71
4.5　Marking of Commodities …………………………………… 72
4.5.1　Shipping Mark ………………………………………… 72
4.5.2　Indicative Mark ………………………………………… 72
4.5.3　Warning Mark ………………………………………… 73
Chapter 5　International Cargo Transportation …………79
5.1　Ocean Transportation ………………………………………… 81
5.1.1　Liner Transportation …………………………………… 81
5.1.2　Tramp Transportation ………………………………… 83
5.2　Other Modes of Transportation …………………………… 84
5.2.1　Air Transportation ……………………………………… 84
5.2.2　Rail Transportation …………………………………… 85
5.2.3　Road Transportation …………………………………… 86
5.2.4　Container Transportation ……………………………… 86
5.2.5　Multimodal Transportation …………………………… 88
5.2.6　Postal Transportation …………………………………… 89
5.2.7　Pipeline Transportation ………………………………… 89
5.2.8　OCP Transportation …………………………………… 90
5.3　Shipment Document ………………………………………… 90
5.4　Shipment Clauses in the Contract …………………………… 96
5.4.1　Time of Shipment and Time of Delivery ……………… 96
5.4.2　Time of Loading and Unloading ……………………… 97
5.4.3　Advice of Shipment …………………………………… 97
5.4.4　Port of Shipment and Port of Destination ……………… 97
5.4.5　Partial Shipment and Transshipment ………………… 98
5.4.6　Lay Time, Demurrage and Dispatch …………………… 99
Chapter 6　International Cargo Insurance …………… 109
6.1　Definition and Fundamental Principles of Insurance ……… 110
6.1.1　Definition of Insurance ………………………………… 110
6.1.2　Fundamental Principles of Insurance ………………… 111
6.2　Marine Cargo Insurance ……………………………………… 112
6.2.1　Types of Risks, Losses and Expenses Covered ………… 112
6.2.2　Scope of Marine Insurance Coverage ………………… 115
6.3　Other Types of International Cargo Insurance ……………… 119
6.3.1　Insurance of Land Transportation ……………………… 119
6.3.2　Insurance of Air Transportation ………………………… 119
6.3.3　Insurance of Postal Transportation …………………… 120
6.4　Procedure of Marine Insurance ……………………………… 120
6.4.1　To Apply for Insurance ………………………………… 120
6.4.2　To Determine Insured Value and Premium …………… 120
6.4.3　To Sign Insurance Documents ………………………… 121
6.4.4　To Lodge an Insurance Claim …………………………… 122
Chapter 7　International Payment …………………… 127
7.1　Instruments of International Settlement …………………… 128
7.1.1　Draft …………………………………………………… 129
7.1.2　Promissory Note ………………………………………… 132
7.1.3　Cheque ………………………………………………… 133
7.2　Remittance …………………………………………………… 134
7.2.1　Definition of Remittance ……………………………… 135
7.2.2　Parties of Remittance …………………………………… 135
7.2.3　Types of Remittance …………………………………… 135
7.3　Collection……………………………………………………… 136
7.3.1　Definition of Collection ………………………………… 136
7.3.2　Parties in Collection …………………………………… 136
7.3.3　Collection Classification ………………………………… 137
7.3.4　Operation of Collection ………………………………… 137
7.3.5　Collection Instruction ………………………………… 138
7.3.6　Handling of Inward Collection ………………………… 139
7.4　Letter of Credit ……………………………………………… 140
7.4.1　Definition and Features of Letter of Credit …………… 140
7.4.2　Parties to a Documentary Credit ……………………… 141
7.4.3　Procedures of a Documentary Credit ………………… 143
7.4.4　Types of Credit ………………………………………… 144
7.5　Bank Guarantee ……………………………………………… 148
7.6　Payment Problems …………………………………………… 150
Chapter 8　Inspection, Claim, Force Majeure
　　　　　and Arbitration …………………………… 163
8.1　Inspection …………………………………………………… 165
8.1.1　Place and Time of Inspection …………………………… 165
8.1.2　Inspection Agency and Certificate …………………… 167
8.1.3　Inspection Standard and Method ……………………… 167
8.2　Claim and Settlement ………………………………………… 168
8.3　Force Majeure ………………………………………………… 169
8.4　Arbitration …………………………………………………… 170
8.4.1　Place of Arbitration …………………………………… 170
8.4.2　Organization of Arbitration …………………………… 170
8.4.3　Procedure of Arbitration ……………………………… 171
8.4.4　Applicable Rules of Arbitration ………………………… 171
Chapter 9　International Trade Modes ……………… 179
9.1　Agency, Distribution and Consignment ……………………… 181
9.1.1　Agency ………………………………………………… 181
9.1.2　Distribution …………………………………………… 182
9.1.3　Consignment …………………………………………… 183
9.2　Auction and Tender …………………………………………… 184
9.2.1　Invitation for Bids ……………………………………… 184
9.2.2　Submission of Tenders ………………………………… 184
9.2.3　Bid Opening …………………………………………… 184
9.2.4　Evaluation of Tender …………………………………… 185
9.2.5　Tender Discussion and Tender Decision ……………… 185
9.3　Counter Trade ………………………………………………… 185
9.3.1　Barter …………………………………………………… 185
9.3.2　Counter Purchase ……………………………………… 186
9.3.3　Switch Trade …………………………………………… 186
9.3.4　Compensation Trade …………………………………… 186
9.3.5　Offset …………………………………………………… 187
9.4　Processing Trade ……………………………………………… 187
9.5　Futures Trading ……………………………………………… 188
Chapter 10　Import and Export Procedures ………… 195
10.1　Procedures of Import Transaction ………………………… 197
10.2　Procedures of Export Transaction …………………………… 200
10.3　Documentation ……………………………………………… 203
10.3.1　Government-controlled Documents ………………… 204
10.3.2　Commercial Documents ……………………………… 206
10.3.3　Financial Documents ………………………………… 208
10.3.4　Transportation Documents …………………………… 209
10.3.5　Insurance Documents ………………………………… 209
Key to Exercises ………………………………………… 214
Reference ………………………………………………… 222