Nomenclature
符號(hào)表

第1章　Introduction to Separation Process Engineering
分離工程簡(jiǎn)介 1
1.0　Summary—Objectives / 概要與教學(xué)目標(biāo)/ 1
1.1　Importance of Separations / 分離的重要性 / 1
1.2　Concept of Equilibrium / 平衡的概念 / 3
1.3　Mass Transfer Concepts / 傳質(zhì)的概念 / 4
1.4　Problem-Solving Methods / 問(wèn)題解決方法 / 5
1.5　Units / 單位 / 6
1.6　Computers and Computer Simulations / 計(jì)算機(jī)與計(jì)算模擬 / 7
1.7　Prerequisite Material / 預(yù)習(xí)資料 / 7
1.8　Other Resources on Separation Process Engineering / 分離工程的其他資源 / 9
References / 參考文獻(xiàn) / 10
Problems / 習(xí)題 / 11

第2章　Flash Distillation
閃蒸 13
2.0　Summary—Objectives / 概要與教學(xué)目標(biāo) / 13
2.1　Basic Method of Flash Distillation / 閃蒸的基本方法 / 13
2.2　Form and Sources of Equilibrium Data / 平衡數(shù)據(jù)的形式和來(lái)源 / 15
2.3　Binary VLE / 二元汽液平衡 / 17
2.3.1　Graphical Binary VLE / 二元汽液平衡相圖 / 18
2.3.2　Binary VLE Equations / 二元汽液平衡方程 / 22
2.4　Binary Flash Distillation / 二元閃蒸 / 26
2.4.1　Sequential Solution Procedure / 順序求解法 / 26
Example 2-1. Flash Distillation of Ethanol and Water / 例題 2-1. 乙醇和水的閃蒸 / 28
2.4.2　Simultaneous Solution Procedure / 同步求解法 / 30
2.4.3　Simultaneous Solution on Enthalpy-Composition Diagram / 利用焓-組成圖同步求解 / 31
2.5　Multicomponent VLE / 多組分汽液平衡 / 32
2.6　Multicomponent Flash Distillation / 多組分閃蒸 / 36
Example 2-2. Multicomponent Flash Distillation / 例題 2-2. 多組分閃蒸 / 38
2.7　Simultaneous Multicomponent Convergence / 多組分同步收斂 / 40
Example 2-3. Simultaneous Solution for Multicomponent Flash Distillation / 例題 2-3. 多組分閃蒸的同步求解 / 42
2.8　Three-Phase Flash Calculations / 三相閃蒸計(jì)算 / 45
2.9　Size Calculation / 設(shè)備尺寸計(jì)算 / 45
Example 2-4. Calculation of Drum Size / 例題 2-4. 閃蒸罐尺寸計(jì)算 / 48
2.10　Using Existing Flash Drums / 閃蒸罐利舊 / 50
References / 參考文獻(xiàn) / 51
Problems / 習(xí)題 / 52
Appendix A. Computer Simulation of Flash Distillation / 附錄A. 閃蒸的計(jì)算機(jī)模擬 / 62
Lab 1. Introduction to Aspen Plus / 實(shí)驗(yàn)1. Aspen Plus簡(jiǎn)介 / 62
Lab 2. Flash Distillation / 實(shí)驗(yàn)2. 閃蒸 / 69
Appendix B. Spreadsheets for Flash Distillation / 附錄B. 用于閃蒸計(jì)算的電子表格 / 72
2.B.1. Binary Flash Distillation with Excel / 用Excel進(jìn)行二元閃蒸計(jì)算 / 72
Example 2-B1. Binary Flash Distillation of Ethanol-Water / 例題 2-B1. 乙醇-水的二元閃蒸 / 72
2.B.2. Multicomponent Flash Distillation with Excel / 用Excel進(jìn)行多組分閃蒸計(jì)算 / 73

第3章　Introduction to Column Distillation
精餾塔簡(jiǎn)介 75
3.0　Summary—Objectives / 概要與教學(xué)目標(biāo) / 75
3.1　Developing a Distillation Cascade / 多級(jí)蒸餾的建立 / 75
3.2　Tray Column Distillation Equipment / 板式精餾塔 / 82
3.3　Safety / 安全性 / 84
3.4　Specifications / 規(guī)定變量 / 86
3.5　External Column Balances / 全塔衡算 / 88
Example 3-1. External Balances for Binary Distillation / 例題 3-1. 二元精餾的全塔衡算 / 91
References / 參考文獻(xiàn) / 92
Problems / 習(xí)題 / 92

第4章　Binary Column Distillation: Internal Stage-by-Stage Balances
二元精餾塔的逐級(jí)衡算 99
4.0　Summary—Objectives / 概要與教學(xué)目標(biāo) / 99
4.1　Internal Balances / 塔內(nèi)衡算 / 99
4.2　Binary Stage-by-Stage Solution Methods / 二元逐級(jí)求解方法 / 103
Example 4-1. Stage-by-Stage Calculations by the Lewis Method / 例題 4-1. 路易斯法逐級(jí)計(jì)算 / 107
4.3　Introduction to the McCabe-Thiele Method / 麥凱布-蒂勒?qǐng)D解法簡(jiǎn)介 / 109
4.4　Feed Line /進(jìn)料線(xiàn) / 113
Example 4-2. Feed Line Calculations / 例題 4-2. 進(jìn)料方程計(jì)算 / 117
4.5　Complete McCabe-Thiele Method / 麥凱布-蒂勒?qǐng)D解法 / 120
Example 4-3. McCabe-Thiele Method / 例題 4-3. 麥凱布-蒂勒?qǐng)D解法 / 120
4.6　Profiles for Binary Distillation / 二元精餾塔內(nèi)分布曲線(xiàn) / 123
4.7　Open Steam Heating / 直接蒸汽加熱 / 125
Example 4-4. McCabe-Thiele Analysis of Open Steam Heating / 例題 4-4. 麥凱布-蒂勒法分析直接蒸汽加熱的精餾過(guò)程 / 125
4.8　General McCabe-Thiele Analysis Procedure / 麥凱布-蒂勒法通用分析過(guò)程 / 129
Example 4-5. Distillation with Two Feeds / 例題 4-5. 雙進(jìn)料精餾過(guò)程 / 130
4.9　Other Distillation Column Situations / 其他 / 134
4.9.1　Partial Condensers / 分凝器 / 134
4.9.2　Total Reboilers / 全沸器 / 135
4.9.3　Side Streams or Withdrawal Lines / 側(cè)線(xiàn)加料或側(cè)線(xiàn)采出 / 136
4.9.4　Intermediate Reboilers and Intermediate Condensers / 中間再沸器和中間冷凝器 / 137
4.9.5　Stripping and Enriching Columns / 提餾段和濃縮段 / 138
4.9.6　Column Flash Distillation / 閃蒸塔 / 140
4.10　Limiting Operating Conditions / 極限操作條件 / 141
4.11　Efficiencies / 級(jí)效率 / 143
4.12　Subcooled Reflux and Superheated Boilup / 過(guò)冷回流和過(guò)熱再沸 / 145
4.13　Simulation Problems / 精餾模擬問(wèn)題 / 146
4.14　New Uses for Old Columns / 精餾塔利舊 / 148
4.15　Comparisons between Analytical and Graphical Methods / 分析法和圖解法比較 / 149
References / 參考文獻(xiàn) / 150
Problems / 習(xí)題 / 150
Appendix A. Computer Simulation of Binary Distillation / 附錄 A. 二元精餾的計(jì)算機(jī)模擬 / 165
Lab 3. Binary Distillation / 實(shí)驗(yàn) 3. 二元精餾 / 165
Appendix B. Spreadsheet for Binary Distillation / 附錄 B. 用于二元精餾計(jì)算的電子表格 / 169
Example 4-B1. Binary Distillation of Ethanol-Water / 例題 4-B1. 乙醇-水二元精餾 / 169

第5章　Introduction to Multicomponent Distillation
多組分精餾簡(jiǎn)介 171
5.0　Summary—Objectives / 概要與教學(xué)目標(biāo) / 171
5.1　Calculational Difficulties of Multicomponent Distillation / 多組分精餾計(jì)算的難點(diǎn) / 171
Example 5-1. External Mass Balances Using Fractional Recoveries / 例題 5-1. 利用組分回收率進(jìn)行全塔物料質(zhì)量衡算 / 174
5.2　Profiles for Multicomponent Distillation / 多組分精餾分布曲線(xiàn) / 176
5.3　Stage-by-Stage Calculations for CMO / CMO的逐級(jí)計(jì)算 / 181
Example 5-2. Bubble-Point Calculation / 例題 5-2. 泡點(diǎn)計(jì)算 / 183
References / 參考文獻(xiàn) / 186
Problems / 習(xí)題 / 187
Appendix A. Simplified Spreadsheet for Stage-by-Stage Calculations for Ternary Distillation / 附錄 A. 三元精餾逐級(jí)計(jì)算的簡(jiǎn)捷電子表格 / 192
Example 5-A1. Stage-by-Stage Calculations for Stripping Column / 例題 5-A1. 提餾段的逐級(jí)計(jì)算 / 192

第6章　Exact Calculation Procedures for Multicomponent Distillation
多組分精餾的嚴(yán)格計(jì)算 195
6.0　Summary—Objectives / 概要與教學(xué)目標(biāo) / 195
6.1　Introduction to Matrix Solution for Multicomponent Distillation / 多組分精餾的矩陣求解簡(jiǎn)介 / 195
6.2　Component Mass Balances in Matrix Form /矩陣形式的組分質(zhì)量衡算 / 196
6.3　Initial Guesses for Flow Rates and Temperatures / 流量和溫度的初步估算 / 200
6.4　Temperature Convergence / 溫度收斂 / 201
Example 6-1. Matrix and Bubble-Point Calculations / 例題 6-1. 矩陣和泡點(diǎn)計(jì)算 / 201
6.5　Energy Balances in Matrix Form / 矩陣形式的能量衡算 / 203
6.6　Introduction to Naphtali-Sandholm Simultaneous Convergence Method
Naphtali-Sandholm同步收斂法簡(jiǎn)介 / 206
6.7　Discussion / 討論 / 207
References / 參考文獻(xiàn) / 208
Problems / 習(xí)題 / 208
Appendix. Computer Simulations for Multicomponent Column Distillation / 附錄. 多組分塔式精餾的計(jì)算模擬 / 214
Lab 4. Simulation of Multicomponent Distillation / 實(shí)驗(yàn) 4. 多組分精餾模擬 / 214
Lab 5. Pressure Effects and Tray Efficiencies / 實(shí)驗(yàn)5. 壓力的影響和塔板效率 / 216
Lab 6. Coupled Columns / 實(shí)驗(yàn)6. 多塔精餾 / 220

第7章　Approximate Shortcut Methods for Multicomponent Distillation
多組分精餾的簡(jiǎn)捷算法 223
7.0　Summary—Objectives / 概要與教學(xué)目標(biāo) / 223
7.1　Total Reflux: Fenske Equation / 全回流：芬斯克方程 / 223
Example 7-1. Fenske Equation / 例題 7-1. 芬斯克方程 / 227
7.2　Minimum Reflux: Underwood Equations / 最小回流：安德伍德方程 / 228
Example 7-2. Underwood Equations / 例題 7-2. 安德伍德方程 / 231
7.3　Gilliland Correlation for Number of Stages at Finite Reflux Ratios / 有限回流比下理論塔板數(shù)的吉利蘭關(guān)聯(lián)圖 / 231
Example 7-3. Gilliland Correlation / 例題 7-3. 吉利蘭關(guān)聯(lián)圖 / 233
References / 參考文獻(xiàn) / 234
Problems / 習(xí)題 / 235

第8章　Introduction to Complex Distillation Methods
特殊精餾簡(jiǎn)介 241
8.0　Summary—Objectives / 概要與教學(xué)目標(biāo) / 241
8.1　Breaking Azeotropes with Hybrid Separations / 分離過(guò)程耦合破除共沸 / 241
8.2　Binary Heterogeneous Azeotropic Distillation Processes / 二元非均相共沸精餾過(guò)程 / 243
8.2.1　Binary Heterogeneous Azeotropes—Single-Column System / 二元非均相共沸物—單塔系統(tǒng) / 243
8.2.2　Drying Organic Compounds That Are Almost Immiscible with Water / 與水幾乎不混溶有機(jī)物的脫水 / 245
Example 8-1. Drying Benzene by Distillation / 例題 8-1. 精餾法干燥苯 / 246
8.2.3　Binary Heterogeneous Azeotropes—Two-Column Systems / 二元非均相共沸物—雙塔系統(tǒng) / 249
8.3　Continuous Steam Distillation / 連續(xù)水蒸氣蒸餾 / 251
8.3.1　Equilibrium / 平衡 / 251
8.3.2　One-Stage Continuous Steam Distillation / 單級(jí)連續(xù)水蒸氣蒸餾 / 252
Example 8-2. Single-Stage Continuous Steam Distillation / 例題 8-2. 單級(jí)連續(xù)水蒸氣蒸餾 / 252
8.3.3　Continuous Steam Distillation with Multiple Stages / 多級(jí)連續(xù)水蒸氣蒸餾 / 255
8.4　Pressure-Swing Distillation Processes / 變壓精餾過(guò)程 / 257
8.5　Complex Ternary Distillation Systems / 復(fù)雜三元精餾系統(tǒng) / 259
8.5.1　Distillation Curves / 精餾曲線(xiàn) / 260
Example 8-3. Development of Distillation Curves for Constant Relative Volatility / 例題 8-3. 恒定相對(duì)揮發(fā)度的精餾曲線(xiàn)繪制 / 263
8.5.2　Residue Curves / 剩余曲線(xiàn) / 264
8.5.3　Mass Balances on Distillation Curve and Residue Curve Diagrams / 用精餾曲線(xiàn)和剩余曲線(xiàn)圖進(jìn)行質(zhì)量衡算 / 266
8.6　Extractive Distillation / 萃取精餾 / 266
8.7　Azeotropic Distillation with Added Solvent / 添加溶劑的恒沸精餾 / 271
8.8　Distillation with Chemical Reaction / 反應(yīng)精餾 / 274
References / 參考文獻(xiàn) / 277
Problems / 習(xí)題 / 278
Appendix A. Simulation of Complex Distillation Systems / 附錄 A. 復(fù)雜精餾系統(tǒng)的模擬 / 292
Lab 7. Pressure-Swing Distillation for Separating Azeotropes / 實(shí)驗(yàn) 7. 變壓精餾分離共沸物 / 292
Lab 8. Binary Distillation of Systems with Heterogeneous Azeotropes / 實(shí)驗(yàn) 8. 非均相二元共沸體系的精餾過(guò)程 / 295
Lab 9. Simulation of Extractive Distillation / 實(shí)驗(yàn) 9. 萃取精餾模擬 / 298
Appendix B. Spreadsheet for Distillation Curve Generation for Constant Relative Volatility at Total Reflux / 附錄 B. 用于恒定相對(duì)揮發(fā)度時(shí)繪制全回流條件下精餾曲線(xiàn)的電子表格 / 302

第9章　Batch Distillation
間歇蒸餾 303
9.0　Summary—Objectives / 概要與教學(xué)目標(biāo) / 303
9.1　Introduction to Batch Distillation / 間歇蒸餾簡(jiǎn)介 / 303
9.2　Batch Distillation: Rayleigh Equation / 間歇蒸餾：瑞利方程 / 305
9.2.1　Mixed Distillate Product / 混合餾出物產(chǎn)品 / 305
9.2.2　Distillate Product Fractions / 餾出物產(chǎn)品組成 / 306
9.3　Simple Binary Batch Distillation / 簡(jiǎn)單二元間歇蒸餾 / 307
Example 9-1. Simple Binary Rayleigh Distillation / 例題 9-1. 簡(jiǎn)單二元瑞利蒸餾 / 309
9.4　Constant-Mole Batch Distillation / 恒摩爾量間歇蒸餾 / 312
Example 9-2. Solvent Exchange by Constant-Mole Batch Distillation / 例題 9-2. 恒摩爾量間歇蒸餾進(jìn)行溶劑置換 / 313
9.5　Batch Steam Distillation / 間歇水蒸氣蒸餾 / 314
Example 9-3. Batch Steam Distillation / 例題 9-3. 間歇水蒸氣蒸餾 / 315
9.6　Multistage Binary Batch Distillation / 多級(jí)二元間歇精餾 / 317
9.6.1　Constant Reflux Ratio / 恒回流比 / 317
Example 9-4. Multistage Batch Distillation / 例題 9-4. 多級(jí)間歇精餾 / 318
9.6.2　Variable Reflux Ratio / 變回流比 / 320
9.7　Multicomponent Simple Batch Distillation and Residue Curve Calculations / 多組分簡(jiǎn)單間歇蒸餾和剩余曲線(xiàn)計(jì)算 / 321
Example 9-5. Multicomponent Simple Batch Distillation / 例題 9-5. 多組分簡(jiǎn)單間歇蒸餾 / 322
9.8　Operating Time / 操作時(shí)間 / 324
References / 參考文獻(xiàn) / 326
Problems / 習(xí)題 / 326
Appendix A. Calculations for Simple Multicomponent Batch Distillation and Residue Curve Analysis / 附錄 A. 簡(jiǎn)單多組分間歇蒸餾及剩余曲線(xiàn)分析 / 334

第10章　Staged and Packed Column Design
板式塔和填料塔設(shè)計(jì) 337
10.0　Summary—Objectives / 概要與教學(xué)目標(biāo) / 337
10.1　Staged Column Equipment Description / 板式塔設(shè)備概述 / 338
10.1.1　Trays, Downcomers, and Weirs / 塔板、降液管和溢流堰 / 339
10.1.2　Inlets and Outlets / 進(jìn)料口和出料口 / 341
10.2　Tray Efficiencies / 塔板效率 / 344
10.2.1　Efficiency Definitions / 效率的定義 / 344
10.2.2　Prediction of Efficiencies / 效率的預(yù)測(cè) / 346
Example 10-1. Overall Efficiency Estimation / 例題 10-1. 全塔效率估算 / 348
10.2.3　Laboratory and Pilot Plant Data / 實(shí)驗(yàn)室和中試數(shù)據(jù) / 349
10.3　Column Diameter Calculations / 塔徑計(jì)算 / 350
Example 10-2. Diameter Calculation for Tray Column / 例題 10-2. 板式塔直徑的計(jì)算 / 354
10.4　Balancing Calculated Diameters / 平衡計(jì)算塔徑/ 355
10.5　Sieve Tray Layout and Tray Hydraulics / 篩板塔盤(pán)布置和塔板水力學(xué) / 357
Example 10-3. Tray Layout and Hydraulics / 例題 10-3. 塔盤(pán)布置和水力學(xué) / 361
10.6　Valve Tray Design / 浮閥塔板設(shè)計(jì) / 364
10.7　Introduction to Packed Column Design / 填料塔設(shè)計(jì)簡(jiǎn)介 / 365
10.8　Packings and Packed Column Internals / 填料和填料塔內(nèi)構(gòu)件 / 366
10.9　Packed Column Design: HETP Method / 填料塔設(shè)計(jì)：等板高度法 / 368
10.9.1　Experimental Determination of HETP / 等板高度的實(shí)驗(yàn)測(cè)定 / 368
10.9.2　HETP Behavior / HETP行為 / 369
10.9.3　Data-Heuristic Design of Packed Columns / 基于數(shù)據(jù)經(jīng)驗(yàn)的填料塔設(shè)計(jì) / 370
10.10　Packed Column Flooding and Diameter Calculation / 填料塔液泛和塔徑計(jì)算 / 371
Example 10-4. Packed Column Diameter Calculation / 例題 10-4. 填料塔直徑計(jì)算 / 374
Example 10-5. Alternate Packed Column Diameter Calculation / 例題 10-5. 填料塔直徑備選計(jì)算方法 / 377
10.11　Economic Trade-Offs for Packed Columns / 填料塔經(jīng)濟(jì)因素分析 / 378
10.12　Choice of Column Type / 塔類(lèi)型選擇 / 379
10.13　Fire Hazards of Structured Packings / 規(guī)整填料的火災(zāi)風(fēng)險(xiǎn) / 381
References / 參考文獻(xiàn) / 382
Problems / 習(xí)題 / 385
Appendix. Tray and Downcomer Design with Computer Simulator / 附錄. 塔板和降液管設(shè)計(jì)的計(jì)算機(jī)模擬 / 392
Lab 10. Detailed Design / 實(shí)驗(yàn) 10. 詳細(xì)設(shè)計(jì)過(guò)程 / 392

第11章　Economics and Energy Efficiency in Distillation
精餾中的經(jīng)濟(jì)指標(biāo)和能量效率 397
11.0　Summary—Objectives / 概要與教學(xué)目標(biāo) / 397
11.1　Equipment Costs / 設(shè)備費(fèi)用 / 397
11.2　Basic Heat Exchanger Design / 換熱器設(shè)計(jì)基礎(chǔ) / 404
11.3　Design and Operating Effects on Costs / 影響成本的設(shè)計(jì)與操作因素 / 406
Example 11-1. Cost Estimate for Distillation / 例題 11-1. 精餾成本估算 / 411
11.4　Changes in Plant Operating Rates / 工廠運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)率變化 / 414
11.5　Energy Reduction in Binary Distillation Systems / 二元精餾系統(tǒng)的節(jié)能 / 415
11.5.1　Energy Conservation in Existing Plants / 現(xiàn)有裝置的節(jié)能 / 415
11.5.2　Energy Conservation in New Facilities / 新建裝置的節(jié)能 / 416
11.6　Synthesis of Column Sequences for Almost Ideal Multicomponent Distillation / 近理想多組分精餾塔序組合 / 419
11.6.1　Ternary Column Sequences / 三元塔序 / 420
11.6.2　Heuristics for Sequences with More Components / 多組分塔序的啟發(fā)法 / 422
Example 11-2. Sequencing Columns with Heuristics / 例題 11-2. 塔序的啟發(fā)法 / 423
11.7　Synthesis of Distillation Systems for Nonideal Ternary Systems / 非理想三元體系精餾塔序組合 / 425
Example 11-3. Process Development for Separation of Complex Ternary Mixture / 例題 11-3. 復(fù)雜三元混合物分離過(guò)程開(kāi)發(fā) / 427
11.8　Next Steps / 后續(xù)內(nèi)容 / 429
References / 參考文獻(xiàn) / 430
Problems / 習(xí)題 / 431

第12章　Absorption and Stripping
吸收和解吸 439
12.0　Summary—Objectives / 概要與教學(xué)目標(biāo) / 440
12.1　Absorption and Stripping Equilibria / 吸收和解吸平衡 / 441
12.2　McCabe-Thiele Solution for Dilute Absorption / 低濃度吸收的麥凱布-蒂勒法求解 / 444
Example 12-1. McCabe-Thiele Analysis for Dilute Absorber / 例題 12-1. 低濃度吸收塔的麥凱布-蒂勒?qǐng)D解分析 / 445
12.3　Stripping Analysis for Dilute Systems / 低濃度體系的解吸分析 / 446
12.4　Analytical Solution for Dilute Systems: Kremser Equation / 低濃度體系的分析方法：克雷姆塞爾方程 / 447
Example 12-2. Stripping Analysis with the Kremser Equation / 例題 12-2. 克雷姆塞爾方程用于解吸分析 / 451
12.5　Efficiencies / 效率 / 452
12.6　McCabe-Thiele Analysis for More Concentrated Systems / 高濃度體系的麥凱布-蒂勒?qǐng)D解分析 / 453
Example 12-3. Graphical Analysis for More Concentrated Absorber / 例題 12-3. 高濃度吸收塔的圖解分析 / 455
12.7　Column Diameter / 塔徑 / 457
12.8　Dilute Multisolute Absorbers and Strippers / 多元稀溶液的吸收塔和解吸塔 / 458
12.9　Matrix Solution for Concentrated Absorbers and Strippers / 高濃度吸收塔和解吸塔的矩陣求解 / 460
12.10　Irreversible Absorption and Cocurrent Cascades / 不可逆吸收和多級(jí)并流吸收 / 463
References / 參考文獻(xiàn) / 465
Problems / 習(xí)題 / 466
Appendix. Computer Simulations of Absorption and Stripping / 附錄. 吸收和解吸的計(jì)算機(jī)模擬 / 474
Lab 11. Absorption and Stripping / 實(shí)驗(yàn) 11. 吸收和解吸 / 474

第13章　Liquid-Liquid Extraction
液液萃取 481
13.0　Summary—Objectives / 概要與教學(xué)目標(biāo) / 481
13.1　Introduction to Extraction Processes and Equipment / 萃取工藝與設(shè)備概述 / 481
13.2　Equilibrium for Dilute Systems and Solvent Selection / 稀溶液體系的平衡與溶劑選擇 / 486
13.3　Dilute, Immiscible, Countercurrent Extraction / 稀溶液不互溶逆流萃取 / 489
13.3.1　McCabe-Thiele Method for Dilute Countercurrent Extraction / 稀溶液逆流萃取的麥凱布-蒂勒?qǐng)D解法 / 489
Example 13-1. Dilute Countercurrent Immiscible Extraction / 例題13-1. 稀溶液不互溶逆流萃取 / 490
13.3.2　Kremser Solution for Dilute Countercurrent Extraction / 稀溶液逆流萃取過(guò)程的克雷姆塞爾解析法 / 492
13.3.3　Dilute Fractional Extraction / 稀溶液分餾萃取 / 493
13.3.4　McCabe-Thiele Analysis of Fractional Extraction / 分餾萃取的麥凱布-蒂勒?qǐng)D解分析 / 495
13.3.5　Kremser Equation for Fractional Extraction / 分餾萃取的克雷姆塞爾方程 / 497
Example 13-2. Kremser Solutions for Counter-Current and Fractional Extraction / 例題 13-2. 逆流和分餾萃取的克雷姆塞爾解析法 / 498
13.4　Immiscible Single-Stage and Crossflow Extraction / 不互溶單級(jí)錯(cuò)流萃取 / 499
Example 13-3. Single-Stage and Crossflow Extraction of Protein / 例題 13-3. 蛋白質(zhì)的單級(jí)錯(cuò)流萃取 / 500
13.5　Concentrated Immiscible Extraction / 濃溶液不互溶萃取 / 502
Example 13-4. Concentrated Immiscible Extraction / 例題13-4. 濃溶液不互溶萃取 / 503
13.6　Immiscible Batch Extraction / 不互溶間歇萃取 / 506
13.7　Extraction Equilibrium for Partially Miscible Ternary Systems / 部分互溶三元體系的萃取平衡 / 508
13.8　Mixing Calculations and the Lever-Arm Rule / 混合計(jì)算和杠桿規(guī)則 / 511
13.9　Partially Miscible Single-Stage and Crossflow Systems / 部分互溶單級(jí)錯(cuò)流體系 / 513
Example 13-5. Partially Miscible Single-Stage Extraction / 例題 13-5. 部分互溶單級(jí)萃取 / 513
13.10　Partially Miscible Countercurrent Extraction / 部分互溶逆流萃取 / 516
13.10.1　External Mass Balances / 全局物料質(zhì)量衡算 / 516
13.10.2　Difference Points and Stage-by-Stage Calculations / 差點(diǎn)和逐級(jí)計(jì)算 / 517
13.10.3　Complete Partially Miscible Extraction Problem / 完整的部分互溶萃取問(wèn)題 / 521
Example 13-6. Countercurrent Extraction / 例題13-6. 逆流萃取 / 521
13.11　Relationship Between McCabe-Thiele and Triangular Diagrams for Partially Miscible Systems / 部分互溶體系的麥凱布-蒂勒?qǐng)D與三角形相圖關(guān)系 / 522
13.12　Minimum Solvent Rate for Partially Miscible Systems / 部分互溶體系的最小溶劑用量 / 523
13.13　Extraction Computer Simulations / 萃取的計(jì)算機(jī)模擬 / 525
13.14　Design of Mixer-Settlers / 混合澄清槽的設(shè)計(jì) / 526
Example 13-7. Mixer-Settler Design / 例題13-7. 混合澄清槽的設(shè)計(jì) / 527
References / 參考文獻(xiàn) / 537
Problems / 習(xí)題 / 538
Appendix. Computer Simulation of Extraction / 附錄. 萃取的計(jì)算機(jī)模擬 / 545
Lab 12. Extraction / 實(shí)驗(yàn)12. 萃取 / 545

第14章　Washing, Leaching, and Supercritical Extraction
洗滌、浸取和超臨界萃取 551
14.0　Summary—Objectives / 概要與教學(xué)目標(biāo) / 551
14.1　Generalized McCabe-Thiele and Kremser Procedures / 廣義麥凱布-蒂勒和克雷姆塞爾程序 / 551
14.2　Washing / 洗滌 / 552
14.2.1　Continuous Washing / 連續(xù)洗滌 / 553
Example 14-1. Continuous Washing / 例題14-1. 連續(xù)洗滌 / 557
14.2.2　Batch Washing / 間歇洗滌 / 559
14.3　Leaching / 浸取 / 559
14.3.1　Leaching Analysis with Constant Flow Rates / 恒定流速下的浸取分析 / 561
14.3.2　Leaching Analysis with Variable Flow Rates / 可變流速下的浸取分析 / 562
Example 14-2. Leaching Calculation / 例題14-2. 浸取計(jì)算 / 562
14.3.3　Simulating Countercurrent Flow in Percolation Leaching / 逆流滲濾浸取過(guò)程模擬 / 564
14.4　Introduction to Supercritical Fluid Extraction / 超臨界流體萃取簡(jiǎn)介 / 565
References / 參考文獻(xiàn) / 568
Problems / 習(xí)題 / 568

第15章　Introduction to Diffusion and Mass Transfer
擴(kuò)散和傳質(zhì)簡(jiǎn)介 575
15.0　Summary—Objectives / 概要與教學(xué)目標(biāo) / 576
15.1　Molecular Movement Leads to Mass Transfer / 分子運(yùn)動(dòng)導(dǎo)致傳質(zhì) / 577
15.2　Fickian Model of Diffusivity / 菲克擴(kuò)散模型 / 578
15.2.1　Fick’s Law and the Fickian Definition of Diffusivity / 菲克定律與菲克擴(kuò)散系數(shù)的定義 / 578
15.2.2　Steady-State Binary Fickian Diffusion and Mass Balances without Convection / 無(wú)對(duì)流的穩(wěn)態(tài)二元菲克擴(kuò)散和質(zhì)量衡算 / 580
Example 15-1. Determination of Diffusivity in Dilute Binary Mixture / 例題15-1. 稀二元混合物中擴(kuò)散系數(shù)的測(cè)定 / 580
Example 15-2. Steady-State Diffusion without Convection: Low-Temperature Evaporation / 例題 15-2. 無(wú)對(duì)流的穩(wěn)態(tài)擴(kuò)散：低溫蒸發(fā) / 582
15.2.3　Unsteady Binary Fickian Diffusion with No Convection (Optional) / 無(wú)對(duì)流的非穩(wěn)態(tài)二元菲克擴(kuò)散（可選） / 584
15.2.4　Steady-State Binary Fickian Diffusion and Mass Balances with Convection / 有對(duì)流的穩(wěn)態(tài)二元菲克擴(kuò)散和質(zhì)量守恒 / 586
Example 15-3. Steady-State Diffusion with Convection: High-Temperature Evaporation / 例題 15-3. 有對(duì)流的穩(wěn)態(tài)擴(kuò)散：高溫蒸發(fā) / 589
15.3　Values and Correlations for Fickian Binary Diffusivities / 二元菲克擴(kuò)散系數(shù)的數(shù)值和關(guān)聯(lián)式 / 593
15.3.1　Fickian Binary Gas Diffusivities / 二元?dú)怏w菲克擴(kuò)散系數(shù) / 593
Example 15-4. Estimation of Temperature Effect on Fickian Gas Diffusivity / 題 15-4. 溫度對(duì)氣體菲克擴(kuò)散系數(shù)影響的估算 / 596
15.3.2　Fickian Binary Liquid Diffusivities / 二元液體菲克擴(kuò)散系數(shù) / 596
15.3.3　Numerical Solution with Variable Binary Diffusivity / 可變二元擴(kuò)散系數(shù)的數(shù)值解 / 599
Example 15-5. Numerical Solution for Variable Diffusivity and Molar Concentration / 例題 15-5. 可變擴(kuò)散系數(shù)和摩爾濃度的數(shù)值解 / 599
15.4　Linear Driving-Force Model of Mass Transfer for Binary Systems / 二元體系的線(xiàn)性推動(dòng)力傳質(zhì)模型 / 601
15.4.1　Film Theory for Dilute and Equimolar Transfer Systems / 稀濃度等摩爾傳質(zhì)的雙膜理論 / 602
15.4.2　Transfer through Stagnant Films: Absorbers and Strippers / 通過(guò)滯留膜的傳質(zhì)：吸收塔和解吸塔 / 605
15.4.3　Binary Mass Transfer to Expanding or Contracting Objects / 膨脹或收縮物體的二元傳質(zhì) / 606
Example 15-6. Shrinking Diameter of Oxygen Bubble / 例題 15-6. 氧氣氣泡的收縮直徑 / 609
15.4.4　Binary Mass Transfer to Expanding or Contracting Objects: Variable Mass Transfer Coefficient / 膨脹或收縮物體的二元傳質(zhì)：可變傳質(zhì)系數(shù) / 613
Example 15-7. Sublimination of Solid Particle / 例題15-7.固體顆粒的升華 / 614
15.5　Correlations for Mass Transfer Coefficients / 傳質(zhì)系數(shù)的關(guān)聯(lián)式 / 615
15.5.1　Dimensionless Groups / 無(wú)量綱數(shù)群 / 616
15.5.2　Theoretically Derived Mass Transfer Correlations / 理論推導(dǎo)的傳質(zhì)關(guān)聯(lián)式 / 617
15.5.3　Semi-Empirical and Empirical Mass Transfer Coefficient Correlations / 半經(jīng)驗(yàn)和經(jīng)驗(yàn)的傳質(zhì)系數(shù)關(guān)聯(lián)式 / 621
Example 15-8. Estimation of Mass Transfer Coefficients / 例題 15-8. 傳質(zhì)系數(shù)的估算 / 623
15.5.4　Correlations Based on Analogies / 基于類(lèi)比法的關(guān)聯(lián)式 / 625
15.6　Difficulties with Fickian Diffusion Model / 菲克擴(kuò)散模型的難點(diǎn) / 626
15.7　Maxwell-Stefan Model of Diffusion and Mass Transfer / 麥克斯韋-斯特藩擴(kuò)散與傳質(zhì)模型 / 627
15.7.1　Introductory Development of the Maxwell-Stefan Theory of Diffusion / 麥克斯韋-斯特藩擴(kuò)散理論入門(mén) / 627
15.7.2　Maxwell-Stefan Equations for Binary Nonideal Systems / 二元非理想體系的麥克斯韋-斯特藩方程 / 629
15.7.3　Determining Independent Fluxes Nj,z / 確定獨(dú)立通量Nj,z / 630
15.7.4　Maxwell-Stefan Difference Equation Formulations / 麥克斯韋-斯特藩差分方程表達(dá)式 / 631
15.7.5　Relationship between Maxwell-Stefan and Fickian Diffusivities / 麥克斯韋-斯特藩擴(kuò)散系數(shù)與菲克擴(kuò)散系數(shù)的關(guān)系 / 632
Example 15-9. Maxwell-Stefan Nonideal Binary Diffusion / 例題 15-9. 麥克斯韋-斯特藩非理想二元擴(kuò)散 / 633
15.7.6　Ideal Ternary Systems / 理想三元體系 / 635
Example 15-10. Maxwell-Stefan Ideal Ternary System / 例題 15-10. 麥克斯韋-斯特藩理想三元體系 / 637
15.7.7　Ternary Mass Transfer to Expanding or Contracting Objects / 膨脹或收縮物體的三元傳質(zhì) / 639
Example 15-11. Ternary Transfer from An Evaporating Drop / 例題 15-11. 蒸發(fā)液滴的三元傳質(zhì) / 639
15.7.8　Nonideal Ternary Systems / 非理想三元體系 / 640
15.8　Advantages and Disadvantages of Different Diffusion and Mass Transfer Models / 不同擴(kuò)散和傳質(zhì)模型的優(yōu)缺點(diǎn) / 641
15.9　Useful Approximate Values / 有用的近似值 / 642
References / 參考文獻(xiàn) / 642
Problems / 習(xí)題 / 643
Appendix. Spreadsheets for Examples 15-10 and 15-11 / 附錄. 例題15-10和15-11用到的電子表格 / 650

第16章　Mass Transfer Analysis for Distillation, Absorption, Stripping, and Extraction
精餾、吸收、解吸和萃取的傳質(zhì)分析 653
16.0　Summary—Objectives / 概要與教學(xué)目標(biāo) / 653
16.1　HTU-NTU Analysis of Packed Distillation Columns / 填料精餾塔的HTU-NTU分析 / 653
Example 16-1. Distillation in A Packed Column / 例題 16-1. 填料精餾塔 / 659
16.2　Relationship of HETP and HTU / HETP和HTU的關(guān)系 / 661
16.3　Correlations for HTU Values for Packings / 填料HTU值的關(guān)聯(lián)式 / 663
16.3.1　Bolles and Fair Correlation for HTU Values of Random Packings / 無(wú)規(guī)填料HTU值的博爾斯-費(fèi)爾關(guān)聯(lián)式/ 664
Example 16-2. Estimation of HG and HL / 例題 16-2. HG和HL的估算 / 665
16.3.2　Additional Correlations for Random and Structured Packings / 無(wú)規(guī)填料和規(guī)整填料的附加關(guān)聯(lián)式 / 669
16.4　HTU-NTU Analysis of Absorbers and Strippers / 吸收塔和解吸塔的HTU-NTU分析 / 670
Example 16-3. Absorption of SO2 / 例題 16-3. SO2吸收 / 674
16.5　HTU-NTU Analysis of Cocurrent Absorbers / 并流吸收塔的HTU-NTU分析 / 675
16.6　Prediction of Distillation Tray Efficiency / 精餾塔板效率的預(yù)測(cè) / 677
Example 16-4. Estimation of Distillation Stage Efficiency / 例題 16-4. 精餾塔板效率估算 / 678
16.7　Mass Transfer Analysis of Extraction / 萃取傳質(zhì)分析 / 679
16.7.1　Extraction Mass Transfer Equations and HTU-NTU Analysis / 萃取傳質(zhì)方程與HTU-NTU分析 / 680
16.7.2　Calculation of Stage Efficiency in Extraction Mixers / 萃取混合器的級(jí)效率計(jì)算 / 681
Example 16-5. Conversion of Mass Transfer Coefficients and Estimation of Mixer Stage Efficiency / 例題 16-5. 傳質(zhì)系數(shù)換算和混合器級(jí)效率估算 / 684
16.7.3　Drop Size in Mixers / 混合器中的液滴尺寸 / 686
16.7.4　Mass Transfer Coefficients in Mixers / 混合器中的傳質(zhì)系數(shù) / 687
16.7.4.1　Mixer Mass Transfer Coefficients for Individual Drops (Optional) / 混合器中單個(gè)液滴的傳質(zhì)系數(shù)（可選） / 687
16.7.4.2　Mass Transfer Coefficients for Drop Swarms in Mixers / 混合器中液滴群的傳質(zhì)系數(shù) / 688
16.7.4.3　Conservative Estimation of Mass Transfer Coefficients for Extraction / 萃取傳質(zhì)系數(shù)的保守估算 / 689
16.8　Rate-Based Analysis of Distillation / 基于速率的精餾分析 / 690
References / 參考文獻(xiàn) / 693
Problems / 習(xí)題 / 695
Appendix. Computer Rate-Based Simulation of Distillation / 附錄. 基于速率的精餾計(jì)算機(jī)模擬 / 702
Lab 13. Rate-Based Modeling of Distillation / 實(shí)驗(yàn) 13. 基于速率的精餾模擬 / 702

第17章　Crystallization from Solution
溶液結(jié)晶 705
17.0　Summary—Objectives / 概要與教學(xué)目標(biāo) / 706
17.1　Basic Principles of Crystallization from Solution / 溶液結(jié)晶的基本原理 / 706
17.1.1　Crystallization Processes / 結(jié)晶過(guò)程 / 706
17.1.2　Binary Equilibrium and Crystallizer Types / 二元相平衡和結(jié)晶器類(lèi)型 / 708
17.2　Continuous Cooling Crystallizers / 連續(xù)冷卻結(jié)晶器 / 712
17.2.1　Equilibrium and Mass Balances for Single Solute Producing Pure Solute Crystals / 單一溶質(zhì)純晶體的相平衡和質(zhì)量衡算 / 713
Example 17-1. Continuous Cooling Crystallizer Mass Balances without Hydrates / 例題 17-1. 非水合物連續(xù)冷卻結(jié)晶器的質(zhì)量衡算 / 714
Example 17-2. Continuous Cooling Crystallizer Mass Balances for Hydrates / 例題 17-2. 水合物連續(xù)冷卻結(jié)晶器的質(zhì)量衡算 / 714
Example 17-3. Mixing Solutions When Hydrates Are Dissolved in Water / 例題 17-3.水合物溶于水時(shí)的溶液 / 716
17.2.2　Binary Eutectic Systems / 二元共熔體系 / 717
Example 17-4. Eutectic Equilibrium and Mass Balances / 例題 17-4. 共熔平衡和質(zhì)量衡算 / 718
17.2.3　Deicing with Eutectic Systems / 共熔體系除冰 / 719
17.2.4　Eutectic Freeze Concentration (EFC) / 共熔冷凍濃縮 / 720
17.2.5　Solid Solutions / 固溶體 / 721
17.3　Evaporative and Vacuum Crystallizers / 蒸發(fā)結(jié)晶器和真空結(jié)晶器 / 722
17.3.1　Equipment / 設(shè)備 / 722
17.3.2　Analysis of Evaporative Crystallizers for Single-Solute Systems for Producing Pure Solute Crystals / 純晶體單一溶質(zhì)蒸發(fā)結(jié)晶器分析 / 724
Example 17-5. Evaporative Crystallizer without Hydrate / 例題 17-5. 非水合物蒸發(fā)結(jié)晶器 / 725
Example 17-6. Evaporative Crystallizer with Hydrate / 例題 17-6. 水合物蒸發(fā)結(jié)晶器 / 725
17.3.3　Simultaneous Mass, Energy, and Equilibrium Calculations / 質(zhì)量、能量與相平衡的聯(lián)立求解 / 726
Example 17-7. Vacuum Crystallizer: Simultaneous Mass, Energy, and Equilibrium Calculations / 例題 17-7. 真空結(jié)晶器：質(zhì)量、能量與相平衡的聯(lián)立求解 / 728
17.4　Experimental Crystal Size Distribution / 晶體粒度分布的實(shí)驗(yàn)測(cè)定 / 729
Example 17-8. Screen Analysis of Crystallization Data / 例題 17-8. 結(jié)晶數(shù)據(jù)的篩分分析 / 731
17.5　Introduction to Population Balances / 粒數(shù)衡算簡(jiǎn)介 / 734
17.6　Crystal Size Distributions for MSMPR Crystallizers / MSMPR結(jié)晶器的晶體粒度分布 / 736
17.6.1　Crystal Nucleation and Growth / 晶體成核與生長(zhǎng) / 737
17.6.2　Development of MSMPR Equation and Determination of G and no from Experiment / MSMPR結(jié)晶器方程的建立及晶體生長(zhǎng)速率(G)和晶核粒數(shù)密度(no)的實(shí)驗(yàn)測(cè)定 / 740
Example 17-9. Determination of Kinetic Parameters from Screen Analysis Data / 例題 17-9. 從晶體篩分?jǐn)?shù)據(jù)確定動(dòng)力學(xué)參數(shù) / 741
17.6.3　Development and Application of Distributions for MSMPR Crystallizers / MSMPR結(jié)晶器分布特性的建立與應(yīng)用 / 742
Example 17-10. Use of Differential Mass Distribution to Analyze Screen Analysis Data / 例題 17-10. 使用差分質(zhì)量分布分析篩分?jǐn)?shù)據(jù) / 745
Example 17-11. Prediction of Sieve Analysis / 例題 17-11. 篩分分析預(yù)測(cè) / 746
Example 17-12. Combination of Equilibrium and MSMPR Distribution / 例題 17-12. 相平衡與MSMPR分布的組合 / 747
17.7　Seeding / 加晶種 / 749
17.7.1　CSD Analysis for Growth on Seeds in Continuous Crystallizers / 連續(xù)結(jié)晶器中晶種生長(zhǎng)的CSD分析 / 750
Example 17-13. CSD of Seeded Crystallizer / 例題 17-13. 加晶種結(jié)晶器的CSD分析 / 751
17.7.2　Controlling Crystal Size by Seeding / 加晶種控制晶體尺寸 / 753
Example 17-14. Increasing Crystal Size with Seeding / 例題 17-14. 通過(guò)加晶種增大晶體尺寸 / 753
17.8　Scaleup / 放大 / 754
17.9　Batch and Semibatch Crystallization / 間歇和半間歇結(jié)晶 / 756
17.9.1　Temperature Control for Batch Cooling Crystallizers / 間歇式冷卻結(jié)晶器的溫度控制 / 756
17.9.2　Antisolvent Crystallization / 反溶劑結(jié)晶 / 758
Example 17-15. Antisolvent and Temperature Reduction Crystallization / 例題 17-15. 反溶劑和降溫結(jié)晶 / 759
17.10　Precipitation / 沉淀 / 761
17.10.1　Precipitation by Antisolvent Addition / 反溶劑法沉淀 / 761
17.10.2　Precipitation by Salting Out / 鹽析沉淀 / 762
Example 17-16. Salting out with A Common Ion / 例題 17-16. 同離子鹽析 / 762
References / 參考文獻(xiàn) / 764
Problems / 習(xí)題 / 765
Appendix. Spreadsheet / 附錄. 電子表格 / 772

第18章　Melt Crystallization
熔融結(jié)晶 773
18.0　Summary—Objectives / 概要與教學(xué)目標(biāo) / 773
18.1　Equilibrium Calculations for Melt Crystallization / 熔融結(jié)晶的平衡計(jì)算 / 774
18.1.1　Binary Eutectic Systems / 二元共熔體系 / 774
Example 18-1. Eutectic Equilibrium and Mass Balances / 例題 18-1. 共熔相平衡和質(zhì)量衡算 / 775
18.1.2　Eutectic Equilibrium from Freezing Point Lowering Data / 從凝固點(diǎn)下降數(shù)據(jù)獲得共熔相平衡 / 777
Example 18-2. Part A. Equilibrium from Freezing Point Data / 例題 18-2. Part A. 從凝固點(diǎn)數(shù)據(jù)建立相平衡 / 777
Example 18-2. Part B. Equilibrium from Activity Coefficients / 例題 18-2. Part B. 由活度系數(shù)建立相平衡 / 778
18.1.3　Linear Equilibrium for Non-eutectic Melt Crystallization / 非共熔熔融結(jié)晶的線(xiàn)性平衡關(guān)系 / 779
18.2　Suspension Melt Crystallization / 懸浮熔融結(jié)晶 / 780
18.2.1　Process / 過(guò)程 / 780
18.2.2　Entrainment / 夾帶 / 781
Example 18-3. Entrainment Effects / 例題 18-3. 夾帶效應(yīng) / 782
18.2.3　Wash Columns / 洗滌塔 / 784
18.2.4　Heat Transfer in Suspension Melt Crystallization / 懸浮熔融結(jié)晶中的傳熱 / 786
18.2.5　Film Mass Transfer in Suspension Melt Crystallization / 懸浮熔融結(jié)晶中的膜內(nèi)傳質(zhì) / 789
18.2.6　MSMPR and Seeded Crystallizer Analysis in Suspension Melt Crystallization / 懸浮熔融結(jié)晶過(guò)程的MSMPR和加晶種結(jié)晶器分析 / 792
18.3　Introduction to Solid-Layer Crystallization Processes: Progressive Freezing / 固相層熔融結(jié)晶過(guò)程簡(jiǎn)介：逐步冷凍法 / 793
18.3.1　Heat and Mass Transfer in Progressive Freezing / 逐步冷凍中的傳熱和傳質(zhì) / 793
18.3.2　Mass Balances and Impurity Levels / 質(zhì)量衡算和雜質(zhì)含量 / 795
18.3.3　Heat and Mass Transfer Correlations for Progressive Freezing / 逐步冷凍的傳熱和傳質(zhì)關(guān)系 / 796
18.3.4　Growth of the Crystal Layer in Progressive Freezing / 逐步冷凍過(guò)程中晶體層的生長(zhǎng) / 798
Example 18-4. Preliminary Calculations for Progressive Freezing / 例題 18-4. 逐步冷凍的初步計(jì)算 / 800
Example 18-5. Concentrated Progressive Freezing / 例題 18-5. 逐步冷凍的嚴(yán)密計(jì)算 / 802
18.3.5　Interpretation and Conclusions from Progressive Freezing Analysis / 逐步冷凍分析的解釋和結(jié)論 / 804
18.3.6　Progressive Freezing of Dilute, Non-eutectic, Linear Systems / 稀溶液、非共熔、線(xiàn)性體系的逐步冷凍 / 806
Example 18-6. Dilute Progressive Freezing / 例題 18-6. 稀溶液逐步冷凍 / 807
18.4　Static Solid-Layer Melt Crystallization Process / 靜態(tài)固相層熔融結(jié)晶過(guò)程 / 808
18.5　Dynamic Solid-Layer Melt Crystallization / 動(dòng)態(tài)固相層熔融結(jié)晶 / 809
18.5.1　Staging Falling-Film Crystallizers / 分級(jí)降膜結(jié)晶器 / 810
18.5.2　Mass and Energy Balances and Crystal Growth / 質(zhì)量和能量衡算與晶體生長(zhǎng) / 811
18.5.3　Heat and Mass Transfer Correlations for Falling Films / 降膜的傳熱傳質(zhì)關(guān)系 / 814
Example 18-7. Falling-Film Crystallizer / 例題18-7. 降膜結(jié)晶器 / 815
Comments on the Solution Method and the Example / 對(duì)求解方法和實(shí)例的評(píng)價(jià) / 819
18.6　Zone Melting / 區(qū)域熔融 / 819
Example 18-8. Zone Melting / 例題 18-8. 區(qū)域熔融 / 823
18.7　Post-Crystallization Processing / 結(jié)晶后處理 / 824
18.8　Scaleup / 放大 / 827
18.9　Hybrid Crystallization-Distillation Processes / 結(jié)晶和精餾的耦合過(guò)程 / 828
Example 18-9. Hybrid Crystallization-Distillation Process / 例題 18-9. 結(jié)晶-精餾耦合過(guò)程 / 830
18.10　Predictions / 預(yù)測(cè) / 833
18.10.1　Epitaph for Column Suspension Melt Crystallization Systems / 柱式懸浮熔融結(jié)晶系統(tǒng)的謝幕 / 833
18.10.2　The Future of Static Solid-Layer Melt Crystallization / 靜態(tài)固相層熔融結(jié)晶的發(fā)展趨勢(shì) / 834
References / 參考文獻(xiàn) / 834
Problems / 習(xí)題 / 836

第19章　Introduction to Membrane Separation Processes
膜分離過(guò)程簡(jiǎn)介 841
19.0　Summary—Objectives / 概要與教學(xué)目標(biāo) / 844
19.1　Membrane Separation Equipment / 膜分離設(shè)備 / 844
19.2　Membrane Concepts / 膜概念 / 847
19.3　Gas Permeation (GP) / 氣體滲透 / 850
19.3.1　GP of Binary Mixtures / 二元混合氣的滲透 / 851
19.3.2　Binary Permeation in Perfectly Mixed Systems / 理想混合體系中的二元滲透 / 853
Example 19-1. Well-Mixed GP—Sequential, Analytical Solution / 例題19-1. 充分混合氣體滲透—序貫分析求解 / 856
Example 19-2. Well-Mixed GP—Simultaneous Solutions / 例題 19-2. 充分混合氣體滲透—同步求解 / 857
19.3.3　Multicomponent Permeation in Perfectly Mixed Systems / 理想混合體系中的多組分滲透 / 861
Example 19-3. Multicomponent, Perfectly Mixed GP / 例題19-3. 多組分理想混合氣體的滲透 / 862
19.3.4　Effect of Pores and Holes in Membrane / 膜中孔道和孔洞的影響 / 863
Example 19-4. Effect of Holes / 例題 19-4. 孔洞的影響 / 864
19.4　Osmosis and Reverse Osmosis (RO) / 滲透和反滲透 / 865
19.4.1　Analysis of Osmosis / 滲透過(guò)程分析 / 866
19.4.2　Analysis of RO / 反滲透過(guò)程分析 / 868
19.4.3　RO in Well-Mixed Modules / 均質(zhì)模塊中的反滲透 / 870
Example 19-5. Determination of RO Membrane Properties / 例題 19-5. 反滲透膜性能測(cè)定 / 871
Example 19-6. RO without Concentration Polarization / 例題 19-6. 無(wú)濃差極化的反滲透 / 873
19.4.4　Mass Transfer Analysis of Concentration Polarization / 濃差極化的傳質(zhì)分析 / 874
Example 19-7. RO with Concentration Polarization / 例題 19-7. 有濃差極化的反滲透 / 876
Example 19-8. Prediction of RO Performance with Concentration Polarization / 例題 19-8. 有濃差極化的反滲透性能預(yù)測(cè) / 878
19.4.5　Forward Osmosis (FO) / 正向滲透 / 879
19.5　Ultrafiltration (UF)` / 超濾 / 881
19.5.1　UF Membranes and Basic Equations / 超濾膜和基本方程 / 882
19.5.2　Gel Formation in UF / 超濾中的凝膠形成 / 884
Example 19-9. UF with Gel Formation / 例題 19-9. 產(chǎn)生凝膠的超濾 / 885
19.5.3　UF Operating Methods / 超濾操作方法 / 886
19.5.4　Microfiltration (MF) / 微濾 / 887
Example 19-10. Part I. MF with Small Particles / 例題 19-10. Part I. 含小顆粒的微濾 / 888
Example 19-10. Part II. MF with Particles > 1.0 μm / 例題 19-10. Part II. 大于1?m顆粒的微濾 / 889
19.5.5　Tricky Units / 棘手的單位 / 890
19.6　Pervaporation / 滲透汽化 / 891
19.6.1　Pervaporation Basics / 滲透汽化基礎(chǔ) / 891
19.6.2　Pervaporation Design Using Experimental Data / 使用實(shí)驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)的滲透汽化設(shè)計(jì) / 894
Example 19-11. Part I. Pervap—Feasibility Calculation / 例題 19-11. Part I. 滲透汽化—可行性計(jì)算 / 896
Example 19-11. Part II. Development of A Feasible Design / 例題 19-11. Part II. 建立可行的滲透汽化過(guò)程 / 897
19.6.3　Theoretical Analysis and Design of Pervaporation Systems / 滲透汽化系統(tǒng)的理論分析與設(shè)計(jì) / 898
Example 19-12. Analysis of Pervaporation Data / 例題 19-12. 滲透汽化數(shù)據(jù)分析 / 899
19.7　Bulk Flow Pattern Effects / 主體流型效應(yīng) / 902
Example 19-13. Flow Pattern Effects in GP / 例題 19-13. 氣體滲透中的流型效應(yīng) / 902
19.7.1　Binary Crossflow Permeation / 二元錯(cuò)流滲透 / 903
19.7.2　Binary Cocurrent and Countercurrent Permeation / 二元并流和逆流滲透 / 905
References / 參考文獻(xiàn) / 905
Problems / 習(xí)題 / 907
Appendix A. Spreadsheet for Crossflow GP / 附錄 A. 用于錯(cuò)流氣體滲透計(jì)算的電子表格 / 918

第20章　Introduction to Adsorption, Chromatography, and Ion Exchange
吸附、色譜和離子交換簡(jiǎn)介 923
20.0　Summary—Objectives / 概要與教學(xué)目標(biāo) / 924
20.1　Adsorbents and Adsorption Equilibrium / 吸附劑和吸附平衡 / 924
20.1.1　Definitions / 定義 / 924
20.1.2　Adsorbent Types / 吸附劑類(lèi)型 / 926
20.1.3　Adsorption Equilibrium Behavior / 吸附平衡行為 / 929
Example 20-1. Adsorption Equilibrium / 例題 20-1. 吸附平衡 / 932
20.2　Solute Movement Analysis for Linear Systems: Basics and Applications to Chromatography / 線(xiàn)性吸附的溶質(zhì)遷移分析:色譜的基礎(chǔ)和應(yīng)用 / 935
20.2.1　Movement of Solute in a Column / 溶質(zhì)在床層內(nèi)的遷移 / 935
20.2.2　Solute Movement Theory for Linear Isotherms / 線(xiàn)性等溫吸附下的溶質(zhì)遷移理論 / 937
20.2.3　Application of Linear Solute Movement Theory to Purge Cycles and Elution Chromatography / 線(xiàn)性溶質(zhì)遷移理論在吹掃循環(huán)和洗脫色譜中的應(yīng)用 / 938
Example 20-2. Linear Solute Movement Analysis of Elution Chromatography / 例題 20-2. 洗脫色譜的線(xiàn)性溶質(zhì)遷移分析 / 939
20.3　Solute Movement Analysis for Linear Systems: Temperature and Pressure Swing Adsorption and Simulated Moving Beds / 線(xiàn)性系統(tǒng)的溶質(zhì)遷移分析：變溫/變壓吸附和模擬移動(dòng)床 / 942
20.3.1　Temperature Swing Adsorption / 變溫吸附 / 942
Example 20-3. Thermal Regeneration with Linear Isotherm / 例題 20-3. 線(xiàn)性等溫吸附下的熱再生 / 945
20.3.2　Pressure Swing Adsorption / 變壓吸附 / 950
Example 20-4. PSA System / 例題 20-4. 變壓吸附案例 / 952
20.3.3　Simulated Moving Beds / 模擬移動(dòng)床 / 957
Example 20-5. SMB System / 例題 20-5. 模擬移動(dòng)床案例 / 960
20.4　Nonlinear Solute Movement Analysis / 非線(xiàn)性溶質(zhì)遷移分析 / 963
20.4.1　Diffuse Waves / 擴(kuò)散波 / 963
Example 20-6. Diffuse Wave / 例題 20-6. 擴(kuò)散波 / 964
20.4.2　Shock Waves / 沖擊波 / 966
Example 20-7. Self-sharpening Shock Wave / 例題 20-7. 自銳化沖擊波 / 968
20.5　Ion Exchange / 離子交換 / 970
20.5.1　Ion-Exchange Equilibrium / 離子交換平衡 / 972
20.5.2　Movement of Ions / 離子運(yùn)動(dòng) / 974
Example 20-8. Ion Movement for Divalent-Monovalent Exchange / 例題 20-8. 二價(jià)-單價(jià)交換的離子運(yùn)動(dòng) / 975
References / 參考文獻(xiàn) / 978
Problems / 習(xí)題 / 980

第21章　Mass Transfer Analysis of Adsorption, Chromatography, and Ion Exchange
吸附、色譜和離子交換的傳質(zhì)分析 991
21.0　Summary—Objectives / 概要與教學(xué)目標(biāo) / 991
21.1　Mass and Energy Transfer in Packed Beds / 填充床的質(zhì)量和能量傳遞 / 991
21.1.1　Mass Transfer and Diffusion / 傳質(zhì)與擴(kuò)散 / 992
21.1.2　Column Mass Balances / 床層質(zhì)量衡算 / 994
21.1.3　Lumped Parameter Mass Transfer / 集總傳質(zhì)參數(shù) / 994
21.1.4　Energy Balances and Heat Transfer / 能量衡算與傳熱 / 998
21.1.5　Derivation of Solute Movement Theory / 溶質(zhì)遷移理論的推導(dǎo) / 999
21.1.6　Detailed Simulators / 相關(guān)仿真軟件/ 1000
21.2　Mass Transfer Solutions for Linear Systems / 線(xiàn)性吸附下的傳質(zhì)解 / 1000
21.2.1　Lapidus and Amundson Solution for Local Equilibrium with Dispersion in Liquids / 拉皮德斯和阿蒙森關(guān)于液體局部擴(kuò)散平衡的解 / 1000
21.2.2　Superposition in Linear Systems / 線(xiàn)性系統(tǒng)中的疊加 / 1002
Example 21-1. Lapidus and Amundson Solution for Elution / 例題 21-1. 洗脫過(guò)程的拉皮德斯和阿蒙森解 / 1003
21.2.3　Linear Chromatography / 線(xiàn)性色譜 / 1004
Example 21-2. Determination of Linear Isotherm Parameters, N, and Resolution for Linear Chromatography / 例題 21-2. 線(xiàn)性等溫線(xiàn)參數(shù)N的測(cè)定和線(xiàn)性色譜的分離度/ 1006
21.3　Nonlinear Systems / 非線(xiàn)性吸附體系 / 1008
21.3.1　Constant Pattern Analysis / 恒定模式分析 / 1008
Example 21-3. Development of Constant Pattern Solution / 例題 21-3. 恒定模式解的推導(dǎo) / 1010
Example 21-4. Constant Pattern Calculation / 例題 21-4. 恒定模式計(jì)算 / 1011
21.3.2　Length of Unused Bed Approach for Constant Patterns / 恒定模式下的未用床層高度 / 1013
21.3.3　Scaling LUB and Constant Pattern Systems / 恒定模式下未用床層高度的放大 / 1015
Example 21-5. Scaling LUB Approach with Pore Diffusion Control / 例題 21-5. 孔擴(kuò)散控制的未用床層高度放大方法 / 1016
21.3.4　Data Mining Breakthrough Experiments / 數(shù)據(jù)挖掘穿透實(shí)驗(yàn) / 1018
21.3.5　Review of Proportional Pattern Options / 比例模式選項(xiàng)的回顧 / 1019
21.4　Checklist for Practical Design and Operation / 實(shí)用設(shè)計(jì)與運(yùn)行檢查清單 / 1019
References / 參考文獻(xiàn) / 1021
Problems / 習(xí)題 / 1022
Appendix. Aspen Chromatography Simulator / 附錄. Aspen 色譜模擬 / 1030
Lab AC1. Introduction to Aspen Chromatography / 實(shí)驗(yàn) AC1. Aspen 色譜介紹 / 1031
Lab AC2. Convergence for Linear Isotherms / 實(shí)驗(yàn) AC2. 線(xiàn)性等溫線(xiàn)的收斂 / 1035
Lab AC3. Convergence for Nonlinear Isotherms / 實(shí)驗(yàn) AC3. 非線(xiàn)性等溫線(xiàn)的收斂 / 1036
Lab AC4. Cycle Organizer / 實(shí)驗(yàn) AC4. 循環(huán)管理器 / 1038
Lab AC5. Flow Reversal/ 實(shí)驗(yàn) AC5. 回流 / 1041
Lab AC6. Ion Exchange / 實(shí)驗(yàn) AC6. 離子交換 / 1045
Lab AC7. SMB and TMB / 實(shí)驗(yàn) AC7. 模擬移動(dòng)床和真實(shí)移動(dòng)床 / 1048
Lab AC8. Thermal Systems / 實(shí)驗(yàn) AC8. 變溫體系 / 1051

Answers to Selected Problems
答案 1057