Introduction
The Theory
The Premise of This Guide
Writing for a Purpose
Substantive Writing
The Problem of Impressionistic Writing
Writing Reflectively
Writing as Exercise for the Mind
How to Write a Sentence
Writing to Learn
Substantive Writing in Content Areas
Relating Core Ideas to Other Core Ideas．
Writing Within Disciplines
The Work of Writing
Non-Substantive Writing

The Practice
Exercises in Substantive Writing
Paraphrasing
Sample Paraphrases
Paraphrasing Short Quotes
Paraphrasing and Clarifying Substantive Texts
Exploring Conflicting Ideas
Exploring Key Ideas Within Disciplines
Analyzing Reasoning
Evaluating Reasoning

Appendix A： The Logic of an Article
Appendix B： Evaluating an Author's Reasoning
Appendix C： （For Instructors） Mapping Sentences
Appendix D： （For instructors） How to Teach Students to Assess Writing
Appendix E： The Function of Transitional Words