Chapter 1 Introduction
1.1 Overview
1.2 Background of Fossilization Research
1.3 Significance of the Research
1.4 Organization of the Book
Chapter 2 A Theoretical Study on Fossilization
2.1 Introduction
2.2 The Recent Developments of Fossilization Research
2.2.1 Defining Fossilization
2.2.2 Behavioral Reflexes of Fossilization
2.2.3 Causal Variables of Fossilization
2.2.4 Difficulties in Research on Fossilization
2.2.5 Problems in Fossilization Studies
2.3 Fossilization or Stabilization as the Object of Emvirical Studies of Fossilization
2.4 Fossilization from Emergentist and Connectionist Perspectives
2.4.1 Emergentist Approaches to Language and SLA
2.4.2 Connectionism
2.4.3 Rational Contingency Learning
2.4.3.1 The Design of an Optimal Processor
2.4.3.2 The Rational Analysis of Learning and Memory
2.4.3.3 Contingency: AP
2.4.3.4 Irrationalities as the Results of the Effects of Attention
2.5 Attention and Noticing Hypothesis
2.6 Focus on Form
2.7 Conceptual Framework of the Present Study and Research Questions
Chapter 3 Research on the Existence of Fossilization and Stabilization
A Questionnaire Study
3.1 Introduction
3.2 L2 learners' Serf-Report about Fossilization and Stabilization
3.2.1 Participants
3.2.2 Methods and Materials
3.2.3 Procedures
3.2.4 Results and Discussions
3.2.4.1 Handling Irrelevant Data
3.2.4.2 Motivation Types
3.2.4.3 Subject-Predicate Agreement
3.2.4.4 Inflection of Plurals
3.2.4.5 Inflection of Past Tense Predicate
3.2.4.6 Distinguishing "He" and "She"
3.2.4.7 Articles
3.2.4.8 General Impression on IL Development
3.2.4.9 Multiple Choice Items
3.2.4.10 Open-Ended Questions
3.2.4.11 Summary
3.3 Foreign Language Teachers' Observation of Fossilization and Stabilization
3.3.1 Participants
3.3.2 Methods and Materials
3.3.3 Procedures
3.3.4 A Pilot Study
3.3.5 Results and Discussions
3.3.5.1 General Evaluation of Development and Cessation
3.3.5.2 Specific Features
3.3.5.3 The Participants' Feedback on Their Students' Mistakes
3.3.5.4 Multiple Choice Items
3.3.5.5 The Open-Ended Items
3.3.5.6 Summary
Chapter 4 Research on the Existence of Fossilization and Stabilization:
A Pseudo-longitudinal Study
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Participants
4.3 Methods and Materials
4.4 Procedures and Coding
4.5 A Pilot Study
4.6 Results and Discussions
4.6.1 The Grammaticality Judgment Task
4.6.2 The Dictogloss Task
4.6.3 The Elicited Imitation Task
4.6.4 Summary
Chapter 5 The Effects of Different Types of Feedback on Stabilized Features
5. 1 Introduction
5.2 Participants
5.3 Methods and Materials
5.4 Procedures and Coding
5.5 Results and Discussions
5.5.1 The Pretest
5.5.2 The Instructional Intervention Process
5.5.2. 1 Past Tense Marking
5.5.2. 2 Third Person Singular Marking
5.5.2.3 Articles
5.5.3 The Immediate Posttest
5.5. g The Delayed Posttest
5.5.5 Summary
Chapter 6 The Effects of Input Enhancement on Stabilized Features
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Participants
6.3 Methods and Materials
6.4 Procedures and Coding
6.5 Results and Discussions
6.5.1 The Pretest
6.5.2 The Immediate Posttest
6.5.3 The Delayed Posttest
6.5.4 Summary
Chanter 7 The Effects of Enhanced Output on Stabilized Features
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Participants
7.3 Methods and Materials
7.4 Procedures and Coding
7.5 Results and Discussions
7.5.The First Pretest
7.5.The Second Pretest
7.5.The Immediate Posttest
7.5.The Delayed Posttest
7.5.Summary
Chapter 8 Conclusion
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Results Summary
8.3 Contributions of the Research
8.3.1 Theoretical Significance
8.3.2 Pedagogical Implications
8.3.3 Methodological Significance
8.4 Limitations of the Research
8.5 Recommendations for Further Research
8.6 Conclusion
Bibliography
Appendix Ⅰ Questionnaire for Students
Appendix Ⅱ Questionnaire for Teachers
Appendix Ⅲ Material for the Pseudo-Longitudinal Sludy